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Phobias and Addictions Essay - 275 Words

Phobias and Addictions (Essay Sample) Content: Running head: PHOBIAS AND ADDICTIONSPhobias and Addictions as related to Classical and Operant ConditioningCleon SmithWriters Online UniversityPHOBIAS AND ADDICTIONSAbstractBoth phobias and addictions represent two emotional challenges which associative learning theorists can explain through classical and operant conditioning. Classical and operant conditioning are among the various methods people learn, either as a learned response to paired stimulus or as modelled behaviors attached to behaviors and consequences that can develop into phobias and addictions. Classical conditioning has been linked to the development as well as treatment of phobias. Classical conditioning has been found effective in treating phobias and has not been found effective in treating addictions. Operant conditioning involves the neurotransmitters in the pain and pleasure region of the brain. Phobias resulting from classical conditioning as well as addictions developed through operant conditio ning can be removed through extinction.PHOBIAS AND ADDICTIONSClassical conditioning is one of the major theories of human behavior. It involves a natural stimulus in relation to the response; thus a previously neutral response creates the response even without the presence of the natural stimulus. On the other hand operant conditioning involves a relationship between a behavior and its consequence. In classical conditioning a neutral signal is placed before a reflex while in contrary to operant conditioning the reinforcement is after the behavior. Classical conditioning on the other hand focuses on the forced behaviors whereas operant conditioning dwells on the voluntary behaviors. Thus we find out that classical conditioning can cause a phobia; and according to American Psychiatric Association, a phobia is an irrational and excessive fear of an object or situation. In most cases, the phobia involves a sense of being endangered or a fear of harm. Yates (2012), ``specific phobia is c haracterized by extreme and persistent fear of specific objects or situations that present little or no real threat`` (p.1). On the other hand operant conditioning being another type of associative learning is associated with addiction: and addiction always results when one associates a response, like a positive emotional response that occurs at the same time as a particular effect, such as engaging in the use of a particular substance or engaging in a particular activity .While the two have verse differences they posses some similarities as both being methods to modify behavior and the use of extinction.A phobia is a common anxiety disorder in psychology discipline thus phobias are traditionally irrational fears of an object, situation or activity, where the sufferer takes measures of avoidance, not to face one`s fear. ``Higher-order conditioning allows our learning to be remarkably flexible. We can develop fears of many stimuli, although certain phobias, such as those of snakes, s piders, heights, water and blood are considerably morePHOBIAS AND ADDICTIONSwidespread than others(American Psychological Association,2000)All types of phobias may interfere with normal daily functioning, and overwhelming anxiety may develop thus they can develop through classical conditioning as underlined in the following; ``phobias develop through classical conditioning when one stimulus is paired with another resulting in a different response`` Dingfelder(2005),therefore when one has irrational fear of cancer,carcinophobia,this can lead one to associate cancer with fear and anxiety; the news of someone suffering from cancer or even reading articles about cancers sends chills down the spine of the person which can lead to fear and anxiety. Thus to sum it up all phobias and fetishes are products of classical conditioning.Addictions are dependencies on substances or activities, which results when one lacks the ability to limit or stop a certain activity. They occur when one becomes dependent on a particular substance like narcotics or a particular activity like sex.Substance use and engaging in activities can be pleasurable in most cases though a routine usage or continued activity can become compulsive therefore hindering daily functioning,health,mental processing thus addictions are illnesses that in most cases require treatment. ``Operant conditioning is learning that occurs when an organism associates a response that occurs spontaneously with a particular environmental effect`` (KowalskiWesten, 2011).Addictions are developed through operant conditioning as illustrated; addictions in most cases result when one associates a response, like a pleasurable emotional response which happens simultaneously with a particular activity. Therefore operant conditioning necessitates addictions because of the repeated response that causes a particular effect, which is constantly required. The continual desire causes one to further the use of a particular substance or act ivity, hence addictions develop. Like the case of alcohol consumption if taken constantly and regularly drives one to be alcoholic.PHOBIAS AND ADDICTIONSThe American HeritageÂdictionary (2000) states that extinction is a reduction or a loss in the strength or rate of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus or reinforcement is withheld. Kowalski and Westen (2011) outlines that in classical conditioning, extinction refers to the process by which a conditioned response is weakened by the presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. Like in the case of a dog and a bell, if a dog hears a bell every time it is presented food it will start to salivate just at the sound of the bell, however if food is not presented with the bell for several incidences, the dog`s salivation will decrease and eventually stop when the bell rings; thus the ceasing of the dog to salivate because the food is no longer presented with the bell is extinction. Addict ions developed through operant conditioning can also be eliminated by extinction(KowalskiWesten,2011).Therefore extinction occurs when the earlier pleasure is no longer satisfying like in the case of using the hard drugs like cocaine when it no longer provides the previous ecstasy desired, the person will no longer use the drug and the behavior will be extinguished.Human beings may experience several emotional difficulties. Phobias and addictions may affect a person`s life negatively. Classical and operant conditioning are two ways in which learning may occur; thus some scholars believe that phobias can be developed through classical conditioning and addictions can be developed by operant conditioning. Just as addictions and phobias are caused by these, extinction can help reverse them.PHOBIAS AND ADDICTIONSReferencesCoelho, C., Purkis, H. (2009). The origins of specific phobias: Influential theories and current perspectives. Review of General Psychology, 13(4), 335-348.Dingfelder, S. (2005).Distinguishing between phobias. Monitor on Psychology, 36(7),, 98.Kowalski, R., Westen, D. (2011). Psychology (6th ed.). John Wiley Sons, Inc.Kowalski, R., Westen, D. (2011).Psychology (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.The American Heritage Science Dictionary Copyright  2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.West, R. (2006). Theory of Addiction. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, Inc.CURRICULUM VITAECleon Orina OtienoP.o. Box 7047 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ 00300, Nairobi.Citizenship: Kenyan Gender: MaleMarital status: Single Age: 25 yearsReligion; Christian Languages; English and KiswahiliMobile no.:+254 722 996 140 Email: xeriano@yahoo.comStrength and attributes;I am a self-motivated individual with desire to learn new challenges. I have leadership skills and believe in teamwork as a sure way of goal delivery.WORK EXPERIENCEMarch 2011 Up to Present; (TNS-RMS R...

How to Prepare For the Last Lecture Essay Topics

How to Prepare For the Last Lecture Essay TopicsThe last lecture is the last time you will take on the final exam before graduating college. Many students do not know that the most difficult part of the exams is when you try to complete the last one. Therefore, you should always be ready to face all the challenges when you go to finish your exams. Here are some tips that can help you take on the final test.Before you even start thinking about anything else, take a look at your previous assignments. Do you know what you did wrong when it comes to this subject? Remember the topic that you tackled for the last essay and use it as your guide when you go to write the paper.First of all, you should always think about the format of the paper and the writing style. It is important that you keep in mind the basics, so that you can put them in to practice. After you think of the topics and the topic areas, you should then concentrate on the structure of the paper.Make sure that you have learne d about the basic grammar rules when it comes to writing your papers. When you study for the exams, you should always remember that this is not about being clever. In fact, if you study well and take your time, it is possible that you will come up with some really neat ideas.You should also think about the characters. This will give you an idea how you should develop the plot. Of course, you can ask your professor for help when it comes to this part.Take the exam only when you are prepared. You should think about the topic and the main points that you want to emphasize. You should also choose the parts of the paper that you are going to cover.Another tip for the last lecture is that you should think about the conclusion of the paper. If you do not understand what the professor has written, you should make sure that you know what you wrote on the previous lines. You should also know that the main point of the essay is not the whole subject of the paper, but the part that will serve a s a proof of the material that you wrote in the last part.Taking an exam is a good idea, but you should also make sure that you are on the right track when it comes to the other aspects of the test. Just like a baby who cannot talk yet, a student can never be totally sure of their grades. It is up to you to get into the right track so that you will achieve the best grades possible.

Essay Writing Sample - Create Your Own Writing Materials

<h1>Essay Writing Sample - Create Your Own Writing Materials</h1><p>Using the right data is the way to make your paper composing tests PDF archives look engaging. In any case, there are as yet numerous tenderfoots who simply get some free composing tests and begin composing an extremely amateurish looking archive. This is the motivation behind why I made this guide which will most likely be of incredible assistance for you.</p><p></p><p>First thing that you should know is that, it is suggested that you ought to consistently utilize quality materials when searching for composing tests. By quality I mean, it ought to be something that can pass on your thoughts plainly and succinctly. You can begin from free assets accessible on the web, yet as should be obvious, they are not that high in quality.</p><p></p><p>There are loads of destinations online that offer extremely basic formats, yet not every one of them are up to no rm. In this way, be cautious and choose simply the best ones. The fundamental thought behind composing a quality material is to utilize genuine data as opposed to utilizing articles, and as opposed to being a case of conventional composition, you have to utilize your own words.</p><p></p><p>Now, I feel that is composing tests are so significant in light of the fact that, the composing tests will give you a ton of helpful hints that you will use at your school papers. For instance, I remember during my time, when I needed to expound on a subject, I generally depended on the paper composing tests that were given by the creators. Furthermore, regardless of whether these assets were in my school, I generally composed my paper and didn't submit it as the first time.</p><p></p><p>Besides that, it is acceptable to show your ability recorded as a hard copy. Actually, it is a decent method to stay up with the latest and assist yourself with imp roving a great deal. It is smarter to spend not many hours in a day composing your own paper tests and make it all the more fascinating to people.</p><p></p><p>Make sure that you do exclude similar themes and thoughts from your article composing tests in your exposition composing tests. It is smarter to include something else and progressively unique to your exploration paper. By including new thoughts and realities in your exposition, you will acquire certainty to compose a total composed report.</p><p></p><p>You can take the time and attempt to produce a subject for your examination paper. All things considered, the topic is the most significant thing that your peruser will perceive in your composition. On the off chance that you can compose something intriguing that is identified with your point, at that point it will truly get individuals' attention.</p><p></p><p>Use composing tests, which are designed appro priately, and introduced in a perfect and expert way. You will likewise need to check if the sentence structure of your record is great. At last, ensure that you have all the components and instruments that you have to make an incredible composed document.</p>

Why It Is Important to Use Good American Government Paper Topics For Your Classroom

<h1>Why It Is Important to Use Good American Government Paper Topics For Your Classroom</h1><p>When it comes to picking great American government paper points for the school year, one of the most significant things that you can do is to abstain from whatever has a fanatic inclination. To put it essentially, as the world of politics keeps on being spellbound, it will be difficult to have any important and profitable discussions about how our country functions. To remember this, we should attempt to abstain from getting excessively engaged with the political talk at all times.</p><p></p><p>Of course, this implies there will be some acceptable American government paper subjects that you are going to need to peruse all the time. One of the more valuable things that you can utilize is taking a gander at recent developments. A ton of the time, the points in history are regularly useful on the grounds that they return in time and reveal to us a smid gen about how things were done before we turned into the nation that we are today. At the end of the day, on the off chance that you like history, almost certainly, there is a ton of significant worth in finding out about how our progenitors did things.</p><p></p><p>If you are going to utilize the here and now to take a gander at paper points for your study hall, at that point it is a smart thought to get something that has some connection to recent developments. For instance, you should pick a subject that discussions about current issues concerning the economy. On the off chance that you have a class about how the economy capacities, you should take a gander at recent developments trying to get your understudies to consider how the world works.</p><p></p><p>As we've talked about in past articles, political subjects are frequently simple to get into. This is the reason it is so essential to make a stride back and consider what address es you can ask with regards to utilizing current points to educate about our country's history. Thus, you ought to have the option to concoct a decent inquiry to pose to each time that you take a gander at a theme that is identified with our current political climate.</p><p></p><p>The first thing that you have to consider is the means by which recent developments are probably going to identify with the class. You can pick points that you accept will have pertinence to the understudies, as long as it is something that will be of an incentive to them. All things considered, you need your understudies to hold information.</p><p></p><p>Another thing that you ought to consider is the way that you need to keep your understudy's consideration centered around the point. All things considered, you would prefer not to occupy them from what they are concentrating by getting into a political discussion about the points. This implies you ought to l ikewise consider how you pose the inquiries in your class.</p><p></p><p>If you find that the political conversation is getting into an over the top warmed state, you should consider diverting the conversation to something different. Recall that you should just utilize these subjects as paper points for the homeroom. Else, you'll wind up having an entire pack of understudies in class that are discussing how the world functions and not picking up anything of value.</p><p></p><p>Keeping these thoughts as a top priority is going to make it simpler for you to pick great American government paper themes for your study hall. Therefore, you ought to have the option to enable the understudies to find out about various parts of American history. Actually, this is most likely the most ideal way that you can begin to comprehend what American government is all about.</p>

The Importance of Music in Ones Life

The Importance of Music in One's LifeI am writing this essay to discuss the importance of Music in one's life. If you have ever been to a funeral or at least have read about it, you have heard about the role of music in the solemn moods that accompany it.I would like to think that it helps us get through the times. It is also one of the main reasons why we enjoy music so much. Many of my favorite artists have taken to music, whether it is Billy Joel John Lennon, Eric Clapton, Eddie Vedder, Jimmy Buffet, Bob Dylan, or any of the other musicians who have made their names through their music.The purpose of this essay is to revisit the topic from the point of view of an adult that could possibly benefit from the knowledge. Music has helped me through times when I needed it most. Now that I am an adult, I find it to be in some ways too serious. This is not to say that I don't appreciate music, but I am worried about the judgment I receive when I'm in the company of others who are not as i nterested in music as I am.Some of the greatest musicians in the world have written their own lyrics and have been able to express themselves through the music that they wrote. Although some of the artists that I mention are very talented, but what I am referring to is something more specific.It is not uncommon for a musician to find themselves being asked about their song choices, the ones that they listen to, and how much they appreciate the passion that these great musicians bring to their life. This is a bit of a shame as I am writing this essay to discuss the importance of music in one's life. Music, whether it is composed by someone famous or by an amateur, can make your life better.I would like to quote from the book 'Great Man: The Life and Times of Winston Churchill' by Daniel Day Lewis, which I highly recommend. I should point out that I have enjoyed the books on many occasions. There is nothing wrong with that. However, I did not include any songs in this essay.I would ha ve written on another topic. However, I believe that this article speaks to the purpose of music and the importance that it plays in one's life.

The Hidden Facts About Does Boston College Require Sat Essay Exposed by an Old Pro

The Hidden Facts About Does Boston College Require Sat Essay Exposed by an Old Pro What Everybody Dislikes About Does Boston College Require Sat Essay and Why You have an incredibly excellent chance of raising your score, which will altogether support your likelihood of getting in. What's to come is yours and now's the chance to create your fantasies about transforming into a social insurance proficient a reality. The program isn't planned for or focused to anyone beneath the age of 16. In the event that you need to go into a network that is energetic, reliant on Jesuit qualities, and empowering of explorationacademic and otherwiseyou should take a gander at applying to BC. The ACT is an option for understudies to use in the confirmations procedure. This implies you could pick which SAT tests that you need to send to the school. SAT II subject tests aren't required. In the occasion the secondary school specifies a class rank, that is thought about too. In truth, it's very typical for an understudy to feel unmistakably progressively agreeable on a solitary test or the other. A few understudies keep on being worried about submitting too many grades. In case you're applying as an overall understudy and your important language isn't English, you'll additionally need to submit TOEFL or IELTS, in any event, when you go to an English-talking auxiliary school. Confirmations needs to comprehend about the craftsmanship that is important to you and the way that it lines up with your life and qualities. It's a piece of the eight Ivy League School, which is among the most particular, and it contains without a doubt the most significant enlistment rate with 20,500 understudies toward the beginning of 2017. As a result, Boston College is a better climate for approaching students than find out about graduate school from graduate understudies themselves. Attempt to recall that the enormous pictureyour entire applicationis the genuine mystery to the most ideal approach to get into Boston College. Talking about graduate understudies, you will get an opportunity to fulfill a lot of graduate understudies on your examinations. To acquire get to, first you need to see definitely what your universities require. First-year understudies need to live nearby (with two or three special cases). BC offers its understudies particular preparing in a wide scope of fields due to the four schools that make the undergrad College. It is fundamental that you expect to step through the basic examinations well early of the application cutoff time. At the point when you have presented your application, you will be not ready to change your choice. More to the point, you ought to do well to get a solid application. Starting in fall 2017, it will begin to acknowledge the Coalition Application alongside the Common Application. This is what I Know About Does Boston College Require Sat Essay The lawful components of surrogacy are convoluted, immense and some of the time overpowering. This school has an ex pansive choice of money related guide decisions for understudies all things considered and prerequisites. Particularly since approaches are getting increasingly adaptable, in every case twofold check with your school important to try to comprehend the things that they need. In the event that you select to submit additional materials, you should send in show-halting work that demonstrates you are set up to seek after your inclinations at the school level. In the event that you weren't scanning for it, you could have missed the Additional Information given at the base of the website page gave to testing arrangement. It's well significant this site modification is the most up to date in a string strategy changes actualized by Penn in the area of state sanctioned testing. At that point, normally, there were the budgetary specifics. A mess more insight regarding the web composition is offered in section one. Our affirmations instructors utilize your article to determine your ability to sort out your thoughts and communicate unmistakably. Underneath, you will find a rundown of some high great schools which don't require supplemental articles. In the event that you conclude that you need to carry a couple of schools to the rundown ultimately, or you end up unexpectedly out of time to apply anyplace by any stretch of the imagination, you are going to need to comprehend which schools don't require a supplemental exposition, and you'll wish to know brisk. Given that a few schools requiring upwards of five supplemental expositions, you should design well progress of time in the event that you intend to handle every one genuinely. On the off chance that you pick not to choose the exposition, ask about different methods by which you can introduce your composing aptitudes to these planned schools. Before you register, you need to decide whether you're probably going to choose the test with or without the discretionary exposition. In spite of the fact that it's right that it may be a lot simpler to apply to a school that doesn't require an exposition, you're additionally increasingly slanted to lose all sense of direction in the mix in the event that you don't feature your exceptional capabilities. When no Dream school is easy to get into, no fantasy school is uncrackable either.