Basswood Tree Description and Pruning Info

Basswood Tree Description and Pruning Info Introduction to the Basswood Tree Basswood, also known as American Linden is a large native North American tree that can grow more than 80 feet tall. In addition to being a majestic tree in the landscape, basswood is a soft, light wood and prized for hand carvings and making baskets. Native American basswood is found on rich, wet soils of the central and eastern United States. In the landscape, is a very beautiful and large tree with a majestic oval canopy mounted on a tall, straight trunk. Mid-summer brings abundant clusters of aromatic, yellow blooms which attract bees who make a prized honey - the tree is often fondly called the honey or bee tree. Taxonomy and Species Range The scientific name of basswood is Tilia americana and is pronounced TILL-ee-uh uh-mair-ih-KAY-nuh. Common names include American basswood, American linden and bee-tree and the tree is a member of the plant family Tiliaceae. Basswood grows in USDA hardiness zones 3 through 8 and is native to North America. The tree is often used as a hedge but only in large tree lawns. It grows rapidly, is very large and needs plenty of space. The tree makes an excellent landscape planting with limited tolerance to urban conditions depending on the cultivar. It is a perfect shade tree and can be used as a residential street tree. American Linden Cultivars There are several great cultivars of American linden including ‘Redmond’, ‘Fastigiata’ and ‘Legend’. The cultivar Tilia americana ‘Redmond’ grows 75 feet tall, has a beautiful pyramidal shape and is drought-tolerant. Tilia americana ‘Fastigiata’ is more narrow in shape with fragrant yellow flowers. Tilia americana ‘Legend’ is a hearty tree with resistant to leaf rust. The tree shape is pyramidal, grows with a single, straight trunk, and with upright, well-spaced branches. All of these cultivars are great as specimens for large lawns and along private drives and public streets. Pests of Basswood Insects: aphids are notorious pests on basswood but will not kill a healthy tree. Aphids produce a sticky substance called honeydew which then introduces a dark sooty mold that will cover objects under the tree including parked vehicles and lawn furniture. Other attacking insects include bark borers, walnut lace bug, Basswood leaf miner, scales and Linden mite can all be troublesome problems. Disease: Leaf rust is a major defoliator of basswood but some cultivars are resistant. Other diseases that infect basswood are Anthracnose, canker, leaf spots, powdery mildew, and verticillium wilt. Basswood Description: Basswood in the landscape grows to a height of 50 to 80 feet, depending on tree variety and site conditions. The trees crown spread is 35 to 50 feet and the canopy is typically symmetrical with a regular, smooth outline. Individual crown forms are consistent with an oval to pyramidal canopy shape. Crown density is tight and the trees growth rate is medium to rapid, depending on the site condition. Basswood Trunk and Branches Basswood branches droop as the tree grows and do require some pruning. If you have regular walking and vehicular traffic, a pruning may need to be done for clearance beneath the canopy. The tree form is not particularly showy but maintains a pleasing symmetry and should be grown with one single trunk to maturity. Basswood Leaf Botanics Leaf arrangement: alternateLeaf type: simpleLeaf margin: serrateLeaf shape: cordate; ovateLeaf venation: pinnateLeaf type and persistence: deciduousLeaf blade length: 4 to 8 inchesLeaf color: greenFall color: yellowFall characteristic: not showy I explain some of these terms in my Botanical Glossary... Necessary Site Conditions The native American basswood grows best on moist, fertile soils where those soils are acid or slightly alkaline. The tree likes to grow in full sun or partial shade and is more shade-tolerant than oaks and hickories. The leaves will show some wilting and scorching after a long dry season, but the tree appears fine the following year. The tree is often found growing along creeks and streams but will take short periods of drought. The trees favorite habitat is on moist sites. Pruning Basswood American linden grows into a very large tree and demands space to develop properly. Naturally occurring trees need no pruning but branches on landscape specimens should be spaced by pruning along the trunk to allow for development to maturity. Removing branches with weak crotches and embedded bark is advised even though the wood is flexible and will not often break from the trunk. Plant basswood as a specimen or shade tree only on property where there is plenty of area available for root expansion. Remember to remove basal sprouts that are prone to grow off the base of the trunk.

9 Hilarious Office Pranks to Pull On Your Coworkers

9 Hilarious Office Pranks to Pull On Your Coworkers Brace yourself:  Blood will be spilled, tears will be shed, and friendships will be broken after you pull these 9 hilarious office pranks on your co-workers. You will get fired. You have been warned.1. Tamper with the Foosball tablevia [giphy.com]Sneak into your office at night while no one is there and super glue the parts  of one side so theyre no longer useable. Sit back and watch your co-workers faces light up with pure rage as you score one goal after another. For further enjoyment, score a goal every time they tell you to stop. Whats that? Stop? Boom! Gooooooal. As a side note, if your place of employment doesnt have a Foosball table, why are you even still working there?2. Impersonate one of your coworkersvia [giphy.com]Make sure to get a similar haircut, and practice your mannerisms. When you come in for work in the morning, sit next to them and proceed to mock them. Depending on their sense of humor, theyll either have a good laugh or grow increasingly frustrated. Hopefu lly its the latter. That way, you can absorb their hatred and anger to sustain your youth.3.   Distort realityvia [giphy.com]When your co-worker comes in, give a confused look  and ask why he or she is there. When they ask you what youre talking about, point to their replacement (who also happens to be a dog dressed in a suit) and mention that they were fired two weeks ago. This prank requires more than just one person on board, but if done correctly, sit back and watch as your co-worker contemplates whether or not theyve just stepped into an episode of the Twilight Zone.4. Act like an assholevia [giphy.com]Okay, Ill admit, this one isnt very creative- but lets be honest, there isnt anything more infuriating to someone than a troll. Pretending to be an asshole is probably the fastest way to get yourself fired, but hey, if youve got nothing to lose, run up behind your co-worker and slap their cup of coffee right out of their hand. If youre feeling especially brave, feel free to g ive them a wedgie or   noogie, or hell- you can do both at the same time.  Come here, nerd!5. Pretend youre possessedvia [giphy.com]Crawl into the office on your back, while chanting the Spongebob Squarepants theme song in a  dark and ominous tone. Bonus points if you can rotate your head 360 degrees.6. Come in dressed as  a zombievia [giphy.com]Possession not your thing? Perhaps youve already scared the shit out of everyone using prank number 5? If so, then its time to dust off your old Halloween costume and have some fun. Hide inside of the fridge or closet and wait for someone to open the door. All those makeup tutorials youve watched on YouTube are finally paying off!7. Fake your death, then resurrect yourselfvia [giphy.com]Have one of your friends call  the office to  let everyone know the bad news- you were hit by an ice cream truck and now are dead. Invite everyone to your funeral; although, after all the pranks youve pulled, its likely no one will show up. The da y of your funeral arrives and everyone is sad and reminiscing about all the good times theyve spent with you, allegedly. As everyone is paying their respects, pop out of your coffin wearing a terrifying mask and lunge at everyone, foaming at the mouth.8. Post pictures of your face everywherevia [giphy.com]Photoshop your face onto the body of a Greek god and print out thousands of copies. Toss them around the office and hang them all over the walls, fridge, and co-workers computers. As an added bonus, send mass emails to everyone in the office of your face photoshopped onto their personal photos.9. Broadcast your mixtapevia [giphy.com]Youve been slaving away in the streets trying to drop the hottest mixtape of 2015 and now its time to share it with the office. Sneak your way into the control room and broadcast it over the intercom to the entire office. Watch as everyone evacuates the office  out of sheer terror.Well there you have it, folks! Be sure to pull these 9 pranks around th e office and you will be on the fast track to becoming the funniest unemployed prankster of all time!

Content Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 21000 words

Content Writing - Essay Example Qualified writers should provide you an easy going clear understanding. All of the produced papers for you would be top ranked for its sound and smoothed knowledge base. Student would find opportunities to explore their career choices with biology background, which would cover a variety of topics in the papers. For your all coursework needs --XXX--- would be your right choice. Before enter college courses a lots of students may choose career paths. It is mandatory to complete all a levels before entering college. So students have to face too many written examinations. They also required submitting written assignments at this stage. Thus you can easily depend on us for you any of your assignment coursework, essay or dissertation. Coursework of biology has designed with two parts for each year. Exams held twice in a year scheduled in May-June and December- January. At this stage Students have take other general subjects like AQA biology coursework, A2 biology coursework, AS biology coursework and GCSE biology coursework. All subjects’ area papers needed written in a particular format. Thus students needed to have very quick, easy and cost effective solution and guidance to bring successful outcomes; practically ---XXX--- can guarantee you this service. Our Writers will provide you all additional information and progress every thing thoroughly sufficient research. They are often connected with many different educational institutes, databases and libraries in the UK, which is mostly difficult for students to use. On the other hand in recent days plagiarism is a burning problem in educational arena. For plagiarism some institutes are very serious and don’t bother to cancel a students certificate. But when you engage our writers for your assignment, you can keep your self-free from these hedgers. For grading assignments must be completed with satisfactorily researched, proper referencing and document format

Professional Capstone Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Professional Capstone Project - Essay Example To address this issue further clinical trials are essential and preventive health strategies addressing the established causative agents should be implemented. Lung cancer often results from the abnormal growth of the cells lining the passageway of the lungs. They can be dangerous as they can spread and invade other tissues of the body. Because of this it is one of the most common causes of cancer death worldwide. The disease has a very low prognosis, with less than 15% of the diagnosed patients surviving 5 years after diagnosis. The clinical signs and symptoms are often vague and non-specific Radiologic tests such as x-ray and CT scan often provides the usual indication of lung cancer. PET scan has been shown to be important in cancer staging. The role of diagnosis on the staging, treatment and management of lung cancer cannot be overemphasized, thus it is essential to understand the contributions and limitations of each diagnostic procedure. The signs and symptoms of lung cancer are often covert or if not, they mimic other respiratory infections. Radiologic techniques, especially X-ray and CT (computerized axial tomography) scan are the most preferred techniques for initial diagnosis, and yet both offer some advantages and drawbacks. X-ray could not determine small tumors, if detected the patient may be in the late stages thus making treatment more difficult and even impossible. CT scan is more sensitive, having the ability to determine even the smaller tumors and yet lacks the ability to resolve whether the tumor is benign or just an inflammation as a result of respiratory infection. Furthermore, CT scan has not reduced the mortality rate of lung cancer. Furthermore, CAT scans have not decreased the incidence of the disease (Spiro, 2007). Proper screening and diagnosis of any type of cancer is important in the staging and treatment.

Nursing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing research - Essay Example In effect, the outcome was inappropriate positioning of the baby and the failure to ensure proper latch-on during breastfeeding. Hence, this contributed to discomfort in babies and mothers, which eventually led to inappropriate breastfeeding tendencies in mothers. In addition, it is crucial to point out that research studies pointed out that some mothers stopped breastfeeding their babies even before attaining the mandatory six months age. In effect, this program is essential in ensuring that the mothers breastfed their babies even after they attained the mandatory six months. Based on the foregoing, the outcomes of this program are: Proper latch-on technique for mothers who are breastfeeding their babies Effective positioning of the baby during breastfeeding in order to ensure that the mother and the child did not suffer from any discomfort Breastfeeding for a period not less than six months in order to ensure the breastfeeding tendencies were appropriate Outcome Measures and Target Description of the Target Effective Latch-on Outcome Measure The nurses in the facility did not know the appropriate latch-on technique. On the other hand, the healthcare facility will ensure that mothers developed the appropriate latch-on techniques during the process of breastfeeding. ... Baseline Data During the implementation stage of this program, 2 out of 10 nurses did not know the right approaches to latch-on babies during breastfeeding. Hence, the facility aims to achieve 100% effective latch-on technique among nurses in order to ensure a successful implementation. In the implementation stage, 15% of mothers who attended prenatal care were aware of the efficient latch-on technique. Hence, the program seeks to ensure that there was a 100% awareness of the effective latch-on technique used during breastfeeding. On the other hand, only 40% of antenatal mothers knew of the effective latch-on technique. In effect, the facility seeks to achieve 100% knowledge of the effective technique. Description of the Target Effective Positioning Outcome Measure The appropriate outcome measure in this case is effective position of the mother and the child during breastfeeding. In line with this, it is important to point out that only 50% of the nurses are aware of the effective po sition of the baby during breastfeeding. Hence, all nurses should be aware of the appropriate position in order for them to transfer the same to the mothers. Pregnant mothers should devise the appropriate posture and position during breastfeeding in order to ensure that there was no discomfort on the baby and the mother. Baseline Data Fifty-percent of the nurses should gain the skills and knowledge required for correct positioning of the mother during breastfeeding. More than 70% of the mothers attending prenatal care thought that breastfeeding did not require any correct or appropriate position. Thirty two percent of afterbirth mothers did not use the right position during breastfeeding and

Information Security Using Cryptography Information Technology Essay

Information Security Using Cryptography Information Technology Essay This paper aims to provide a total review of Information security and cryptography, Information security means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access (PROXY SERVERS), use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction. Governments, military, financial institutions, hospitals, and private businesses amass a great deal of confidential information about their employees, customers, products, research, and financial status. Protecting confidential information is a business requirement, and in many cases also an ethical and legal requirement. SECURITY in this contemporary scenarios has become a more sensible issue either it may be in the REAL WORLD or in the CYBER WORLD. In the real world as opposed to the cyber world an attack is often preceded by information gathering. This is also true in the cyber world. Here the bad guys are referred to as intruders, hackers, hijackers, etc. The intruders would first have a panoramic view of the victims network and then start digging the holes. One of the method for protecting information from hackers is Cryptography Cryptography defined as the science and study of secret writing, concerns the ways in which communications and data can be encoded to prevent disclosure of their contents through message interception, using codes ciphers and other methods, so that only certain people can see the real message. Encryption transforms original information, called plaintext, into transformed information, called cipher text, code text or simply cipher, which usually has the appearance of random, unintelligible data. Encryption provides confidentiality, integrity and authenticity of the information transferred from A to B. INTRODUCTION: The objective of this paper is to provide the reader with an insight into recent developments in the field of cryptography. Cryptography was used as a tool to protect national secrets and strategies. The proliferation of computers and communications systems in the 1960s brought with it a demand from the private sector for means to protect information in digital form and to provide security services. DES, the Data Encryption Standard, is the most well-known cryptographic mechanism. It remains the standard means for securing electronic commerce for many financial institutions around the world. The most striking development in the history of cryptography came in 1976 when Diffie and Hellmann published New Directions in Cryptography. The word cryptography comes from a Greek word which means hidden or secret. It is considered as a miraculous boon that will solve all the computer security problems. It is also referred to as science of secret writing. The objective is to provide security to the appropriate layer among the seven layers of networking infrastructure. This topic can be dealt mathematically also. But our focus is on cyber applications and its vitality. While cryptographers work on inventing clever secret codes, cryptanalysts attempt to break these codes. Cryptology encompasses both the subjects. Symantec is launching Norton 360 in India, an online digital security solutions service that could be paid for on basis of actual usage. The company which has various products to provide information security and retrieval of secured information, is also now into providing a regulatory compliances services. This is a sentence published in the famous newspaper The HINDU .This is an excellent evidence to support the sentence Network security is extremely essential. Two entities A and B wish to work over a secure network .but an intruder interrupts and shares their secrets without their knowledge. Now cryptography has the ability to send information between entities in a way that prevents others from reading it. For instance: If the original message was GIVE TWO MILLION he would have encoded the message with SHIFT BY 3 and so the message would now be JLYHWZRPLOORQ which is obviously in an unreadable format unless you know the method of deciphering. BASIC PRINCIPLES: Key concepts For over twenty years information security has held that confidentiality, integrity and availability (known as the CIA Triad) are the core principles of information security. CIA TRAID Confidentiality Confidentiality is a requisite for maintaining the privacy of the people whose personal information the organization holds. Information that is considered to be confidential in nature must only be accessed, used, copied, or disclosed by persons who have been authorized to access, use, copy, or disclose the information, and then only when there is a genuine need to access, use, copy or disclose the information. A breach of confidentiality occurs when information that is considered to be confidential in nature has been, or may have been, accessed, used, copied, or disclosed to, or by, someone who was not authorized to have access to the information. Integrity In information security, integrity means that data can not be created, changed, or deleted without authorization. A loss of integrity occurs when an employee accidentally, or with malicious intent, deletes important data files. A loss of integrity can occur if a computer virus is released onto the computer. A loss of integrity can occur when an on-line shopper is able to change the price of the product they are purchasing. Availability The concept of availability means that the information, the computing systems used to process the information, and the security controls used to protect the information are all available and functioning correctly when the information is needed. Defense in depth During its life time, information may pass through many different parts of information processing systems. There are many different ways the information and information systems can be threatened. To fully protect the information during its lifetime, each component of the information processing system must have its own protection mechanisms. The building up, layering on and overlapping of security measures is called defense in depth. Additional insight into defense in depth can be gained by thinking of it as forming the layers of an onion, with data at the core of the onion, people as the outer layer of the onion, and network security, host-based security and applications security forming the inner layers of the onion CRYPTOGRAPHY: OVERVIEW: Security Concerns Security Attacks: Interruption Interception Modification Fabrication Methods of defense: Encryption Software Controls Hardware Controls Physical Controls Encryption Cryptography Cryptanalysis Encryption algorithm types: Asymmetric Symmetric Cryptographic Algorithms: Secret key Public key Hash functions History-Caesar cipher A simple substitution cipher Polyalphabetic substitution example Uses of encryption Applications of cryptography Security Concerns: Unauthorized access to resources. Masquerade as authorized user or end system. E-mail forgery. Malicious attacks. Monitoring and capture of network traffic. Exploitation of software bugs Contributing Factors: Increased Internet use: Home broadband, Greater coverage (wired and wireless): More ubiquitous on-line use: Education, Business, Games, Shoppingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Lack of awareness of threats and risks. Wide-open network policies. Unencrypted network traffic. Complexity of security measurements and administration. Software bugs. Availability of cracking tools. Security Attacks: Interruption: This is an attack on Availability. Interception: This is an attack on confidentiality. Modification: This is an attack on integrity. Fabrication: This is an attack on authenticity. Methods of defense: Encryption: Encryption is key enabling technology to implement computer security. Information security uses cryptography to transform usable information into a form that renders it unusable by anyone other than an authorized user; this process is called encryption. Information that has been encrypted (rendered unusable) can be transformed back into its original usable form by an authorized user, who possesses the cryptographic key, through the process of decryption. Cryptography is used in information security to protect information from unauthorized or accidental discloser while the information is in transit (either electronically or physically) and while information is in storage Cryptography can introduce security problems when it is not implemented correctly. The length and strength of the encryption key is also an important consideration. A key that is weak or too short will produce weak encryption. The keys used for encryption and decryption must be protected with the same degree of rigor as any other confidential information. What is cryptography? Cryptography is the science of using mathematics to encrypt and decrypt data. Cryptography enables you to store sensitive information or transmit it across insecure networks (like the Internet) so that it cannot be read by anyone except the intended recipient. While cryptography is the science of securing data, cryptanalysis is the science of analyzing and breaking secure communication. Cryptology embraces both cryptography and cryptanalysis. Strong cryptography: There are two kinds of cryptography in this world: cryptography that will stop your kid sister from reading your files, and cryptography that will stop major governments from reading your files. Cryptographic strength is measured in the time and resources it would require to recover the plaintext. The result of strong cryptography is cipher text that is very difficult to decipher without possession of the appropriate decoding tool. How does cryptography work? A cryptographic algorithm, or cipher, is a mathematical function used in the encryption and decryption process. A cryptographic algorithm works in combination with a key-a word, number, or phrase-to encrypt the plaintext. The same plaintext encrypts to different cipher text with different keys. The security of encrypted data is entirely dependent on two things: the strength of the cryptographic algorithm and the secrecy of the key. A cryptographic algorithm, plus all possible keys and all the protocols that make it work comprise a cryptosystem. Conventional cryptography: In conventional cryptography, also called secret-key or symmetric-key encryption, one key is used both for encryption and decryption. Encryption and decryption: Data that can be read and understood without any special measures is called plaintext or clear text. The method of disguising plaintext in such a way as to hide its substance is called encryption. Encrypting plaintext results in unreadable gibberish called cipher text. You use encryption to ensure that information is hidden from anyone for whom it is not intended, even those who can see the encrypted data. The process of reverting cipher text to its original plaintext is called decryption. This could be illustrated using the following diagram: 001010010111001 100101001011001 001011100100101 Encryption and decryption Why Cryptography? Concerned with developing algorithms which may be used to: Conceal the context of some message from all except the sender and recipient (privacy or secrecy), and/or Verify the correctness of a message to the recipient (authentication) Forms the basis of many technological solutions to computer and communications security problems Elements of cryptography: In cryptographic terminology, the message is called plaintext or clear text. Encoding the contents of the message in such a way that hides its contents from outsiders is called encryption. A method of encryption and decryption is called a cipher The name cipher originates from the Hebrew word Saphar, meaning to number. The encrypted message is called the cipher text. The process of retrieving the plaintext from the cipher text is called decryption. Encryption and decryption usually make use of a key, and the coding method is such that decryption can be performed only by knowing the proper key. Cryptanalysis: The study of principles and methods of transforming an unintelligible message back into an intelligible message without knowledge of the key is called Cryptanalysis. Also called code breaking sometimes. Whereas people who do cryptography are cryptographers and practitioners of cryptanalysis are cryptanalysts. Cryptology Cryptology is the branch of mathematics that studies the mathematical foundations of cryptographic methods. Cryptology comes from the Greek words Krypton, meaning hidden, and Graphen, meaning to write. Cryptology is actually the study of codes and ciphers. Cryptology = both cryptography and cryptanalysis. The Key: All modern algorithms use a key to control encryption and decryption; a message can be decrypted only if the key matches the encryption key. The key used for decryption can be different from the encryption key, but for most algorithms they are the same. Encryption Algorithm Types: There are two classes of key-based algorithms: Symmetric (or secret-key) Asymmetric (or public-key) algorithms The difference is that symmetric algorithms use the same key for encryption and decryption (or the decryption key is easily derived from the encryption key), whereas asymmetric algorithms use a different key for encryption and decryption, and the decryption key cannot be derived from the encryption key. Asymmetric Algorithms: public key Public key cryptography is an asymmetric scheme that uses a pair of keys for encryption: a public key, which encrypts data, and a corresponding private, or secret key for decryption. You publish your public key to the world while keeping your private key secret. Anyone with a copy of your public key can then encrypt information that only you can read. Even people you have never met. It is computationally infeasible to deduce the private key from the public key. Any one who has a public key can encrypt the information but cannot decrypt it. Only the person who has the corresponding private key can decrypt the information. The primary benefit of public key cryptography is that it allows people who have no preexisting security arrangement to exchange messages securely. The need for sender and receiver to share secret keys via some secure channel is eliminated; all communications involve only public keys, and no private key is ever transmitted or shared. Public key algorithm: Symmetric Algorithms Symmetric algorithms can be divided into two categories: (1) stream ciphers and (2) block ciphers. Stream ciphers can encrypt a single bit/byte of plaintext at a time, whereas à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Block ciphers take a number of bits (typically 64 bits in modern ciphers), and encrypt them as a single unit. Secret key and Public key: Hash functions: An improvement on the above scheme is the addition of a one-way hash function in the process. A one-way hash function takes variable-length input-in this case, a message of any length, even thousands or millions of bits-and produces a fixed-length output; say, 160-bits. The hash function ensures that, if the information is changed in any way-even by just one bit-an entirely different output value is produced. As long as a secure hash function is used, there is no way to take someones signature from one document and attach it to another, or to alter a signed message in any way. The slightest change in a signed document will cause the digital signature verification process to fail. Hash Functions History Caesar Cipher: Julius Caesar used a simple alphabet (letter) substitution, offset by 3 letters. Taking the word cipher you would move ahead in the alphabet 3 letters to get FLSKHU. c =3  ® 3+3 = 6  ® F i =9  ® 9+3 = 12  ® L p =16  ® 16+3 = 19  ® S h =8  ® 8+3 = 11  ® K e =5  ® 5+3 = 8  ® H r =18  ® 18+3 = 21  ® U This worked for a while, until more people learned to read and studied his secret cipher. A Simple Substitution Cipher Plaintext: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz QIAYMWFUBKPDGJZSOCVLXNETRH Cipher text: Polyalphabetic Substitution Example: Suppose that a polyalphabetic cipher of period 3 is being used, with the three monoalphabetic ciphers M1, M2, M3 as defined below. To encrypt a message, the first 3 letters of the plaintext are enciphered according to ciphers M1, M2, M3 respectively, with the process being repeated for each subsequent block of 3 plaintext letters. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z M1: K D N H P A W X C Z I M Q J B Y E T U G V R F O S L M2: P A G U K H J B Y D S O E M Q N W F Z I T C V L X R M3: J M F Z R N L D O W G I A K E S U C Q V H Y X T P B Plaintext Now is the time for every good man Ciphertext JCQ CZ VXK VCER AQC PCRTX LBQZ QPK Note: The two os in good have been enciphered as different letters. Also the three letters X in the cipher text represent different letters in the plaintext Uses of Encryption: Protecting data from prying eyes is not the only security issue in networking. One can imagine at least four security services: Protecting data from being read by unauthorized persons Verifying the sender of each message (authentication) Preventing unauthorized persons from inserting or deleting messages Making it possible for users to send signed documents electronically Applications of cryptography: Digital signatures have many applications in information security, including authentication, data integrity, and non-repudiation. One of the most significant applications of digital signatures is the certification of public keys in large networks. Certification is a means for a trusted third party (TTP) to bind the identity of a user to a public key, so that at some later time, other entities can authenticate a public key without assistance from a trusted third party There is a lot of information that we dont want other people to see. This can be achieved by cryptography such as Credit card information Private correspondence Social security numbers Personal details Sensitive company information CONCLUSION: Thus Information security measures are needed to protect data from hackers, when it is transmitted between terminal user and computer and between computer and computer and it is also necessary to protect the computer system when there is an attack of virus. The capability of security enabled components still lags behind the claims. Everyone has a different idea of what security is, and what levels of risk are acceptable. Its important to build systems and networks in such a way that the user is not constantly reminded of the security system around him. As and when new security methods are developed, breaking of these methods has increased. So measures have to be taken to fill the loopholes, of which cryptography has and is playing a major role. Cryptography is evergreen and developments in this area are a better option. Basic security challenges in the corporate realm are not yet completely addressed. Nevertheless the cumbersome combats devised against each of the security fissures, yet the cyber MAVERICKS all around the world are succeeding in their ways of perdition. This was quite evident from the E-attacks on BARC server post-September11th cyber attacks on FBI sites where even sophisticated surveillance systems couldnt come to their rescue. A case in point is that, E-ATTACKS are becoming notoriously peerless as compared with the traditional nuke-wars. Consequently, in the quench of thirst for more and more secured systems BIOMETRICS SYSTEM, QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY and many more are innovatively being implemented at a cumulative pace.

The Persons Responsible for Health and Safety in the Workplace Essay

The Persons Responsible for Health and Safety in the Workplace Identify the persons responsible for health and safety in the workplace. Roles are Responsibilities of Employers. Every employer should ensure, the health, safety and welfare at work of all their employees. Bellow are the areas the employer should protect the employees from, without prejudice: * To provide and maintain areas of work that are, safe and without risks to health; * To ensure, minimal risk when, handling and transporting objects; * To provide the necessary information, instruction, training and supervision to ensure, the health and safety of their employees at work; * And to insure the place of work is maintained in a condition that is safe. Every employer needs to prepare and keep an up-to-date written statement of health and safety at work. They should also make sure all employees note the statement and, any revision of it. Roles are Responsibilities of Employees. Every employee while at work shall: * Take care for the health and safety of them self and of other persons who may be affected by their acts or actions at work; and * Co-operate with their employer or any other person in charge, to see that the requirement to be performed are meet with. Roles and Responsibilities of Management. The management’s main responsibility is to ensure the health and safety of workers and to reduce risks caused by work activities, to employees ...