Support Speech, Language and Communication Needs of Young People Essay Example for Free

Support Speech, Language and Communication Needs of Young People EssayEarly identification of speech, language and communication delay is highly important as the chance of improving these skills be increased. Outside agencies can be informed and your child will receive the specialist support they require. If these delays are not identified the delay will continue and the child may suffer from lack of confidence and will more than likely experience frantic problems. Other aspects of development will also be affected, e.g. cognitive, social, emotional and behavioural.If a child does suffer from this type of delay there a number of outback(a) agencies that would be involved. These include Health visitor, speech and language therapists, play therapists and family doctor.During this time when late development is recognised the agencies to be firstly made aware of your concerns would be a health visitor or family doctor. If they thought your concerns were to be warranted they would contact other outside agencies and be capable of offering additional support. The specialised therapists would take a shit together in constructing the correct pathway of help and support.When children are learning it has been proven that the method of play has been very successful. There are many slipway in which play opportunities can support the development of a childs speech, language and communication.

Comparative Study of Advanced Classification Methods

Comparative Study of Advanced Classification MethodsCHAPTER 7 exam AND RESULTS7.0 Introduction to Softw atomic number 18 probeingSoftware riddleing is the butt against of executing a program or system with the intent of finding errors or termed as bugs or, it involves any activity aimed at evaluating an attribute or capability of programming system and determining that it meets its required issues. Software bugs leave almost always outlast in any parcel module with moderate size not because programmers are careless or irresponsible, but because the complexity of software is generally dogged and humans have only limited ability to man come along complexity. It is also true that for any complex systems, design defects can never be solely ruled out.7.2 interrogatory ProcessThe basic goal of the software development process is to produce data that has no errors or very few errors. In an effort to detect errors soon after they are introduced, each phase ends with a verificatio n activity such as review. However, most of these verification activities in the early phases of software development are based on human evaluation and cannot detect all errors. The testing process starts with a test plan. The test plan specifies all the test examples required. Then the test unit is executed with the test elusions. Reports are produced and analyzed. When testing of some unit complete, these tested units can be combined with other untested modules to form new test units. Testing of any units involves the followingPlan test casesExecute test cases andEvaluate the result of the testing7.3 Development of Test CasesA test case in software engineering is a tack of conditions or variables under which a tester will determine whether an application or software system is correctly working or not. The mechanism for determining whether a software program or system has passed or failed such a test is known as a test oracle.Test Cases follow certain format, given as followsTes t case id Every test case has an identifier uniquely associated with certain format. This id is used to track the test case in the system upon execution. Similar test case id is used in defining test script.Test case Description Every test case has a description, which describes what functionality of software to be tested.Test home Test category defines business test case category like functional tests, negative test, accessibility test usually these are associated with test case id.Expected result and the actual result These are implemented within respective API. As the testing is done for the web application, actual result will be available within the web page.Pass/fail Result of the test case is either pass or fail. Validation occurs based on evaluate and actual result. If expected and actual results are same then test case passes or else failure occurs in test cases.7.4 Testing of practise SoftwareThe various testing done on application software is as follows.Integration Test ing7.4.1 Integration TestingIn this phase of software testing item-by-item software modules are combined and tested as a group. The purpose of integration testing is to verify functional, performance and reliability requirements place on major design items. These design items, i.e. assemblages (or unit group of units), are exercised through their interfaces using black box testing, success and error cases being off-key via appropriate parameter and data foreplays. Simulated usage of shared data areas and inter process communication is tested and individual subsystems are exercised through their input interface. Test cases are constructed to test that all components within assemblages interact correctly, for example across procedure calls or process activations, and this is done after testing individual modules, i.e. unit testing.The overall idea is a building block approach, in which verified assemblages are added to a verified base which is then used to defy the integration te sting of further assemblages, In this approach, all or most of the developed modules are coupled together to form a complete software system or major part of the system and then used for integration testing. Integration testing is a systematic technique for constructing the program coordinate while at the same time conducting test to uncover errors associated with interfacing. The objective is to take unit-tested modules and build a program structure that has been dictated by design.The top-down approach to integration testing requires the highest-level modules be tested and integrated first. This allows high-level logic and data flow to be tested early in the process and it tends to minimize the need for drivers. The bottom-up approach requires the lowest-level units be tested and integrated first. These units are frequently referred to as utility modules. By using this approach, utility modules are tested early in the development process and the need for stubs is minimized. The t hird approach, sometimes referred to as the umbrella approach, requires testing along functional data and control-flow paths. First, the inputs for functions are integrated in the bottom-up pattern.7.4.1.1 Test Cases for Support Vector MachineSupport Vector Machine is tested for the attributes which fall only on positive degree side of hyperplane, attributes which fall only on negative side of hyperplane, attributes which fall on both positive and negative side of hyperplane and the attributes which fall on the hyperplane. The expected results match with the actual results.Table 7.1 Test Cases for Support Vector Machine7.4.1.2 Test Cases for Naive Bayes ClassifierNaive Bayes Classifier is tested for the attributes which belongs to only severalize 1, attributes which belongs to only class -1, attributes which belongs to both class 1 and class -1. The expected results match with the actual results.Table 7.2 Test Cases for Naive Bayes Classifier7.5 Testing Results of Case StudiesA pa rticular example of something used or analyzed in order to depict a thesis or principle. It is a record study of real life situation or of an imaginary scenario.7.5.1 Problem Statement Haberman DatasetHaberman data set contains cases from the University of Chicagos Billings Hospital on the survival of patients who had undergone surgery for breast cancer. The task is to determine if the patient survived 5 years or longer (positive) or if the patient died within 5 year (negative).relation habermanattribute get on with integer 30, 83attribute Year integer 58, 69attribute Positive integer 0, 52attribute Survival positive, negativeinputs Age, Year, Positiveoutputs Survival fosterage SetTest Set weight unit vector and gammaw =0.09910.07750.2813gamma = 0.3742Predicted Class strike off of test set discombobulation matrix of the classifierTrue Positive(TP)=8.000000False Negative(FN)=27.000000False Positive(FP)=8.000000True Negative(TN)=110.000000AUC of Classifier = 0.517792Accuracy of cl assifier = 77.124183Error rate of classifier = 22.875817F_score=31.372549Precision=50.0Recall=22.857143Specificity=93.220339Confusion Matrix for SVMFig 7.1 cadence chart of SVM for various Performance mensurablePredicted Class Label of Naive Bayes ClassifierTrue Positive(TP)=10.000000False Negative(FN)=25.000000False Positive(FP)=11.000000True Negative(TN)=107.000000AUC of Classifier = 0.5202Accuracy of Classifier =76.4706Error commit of Classifier = 23.5294F_score=35.7143Precision=47.6191Recall=28.5714Specificity=90.678Confusion Matrix for NBCFig 7.2 Bar Chart of NBC for various Performance MetricTab 7.3 Comparison of SVM and NBC for various Performance Metric Fig 7.3 Bar Chart for Comparison of SVM and NBC7.5.2 Titanic Data setThe titanic dataset gives the values of four attributes. The attributes are social class (first class, second class, third class, and crew member), age (adult or child), sex, and whether or not the person survived.relation titanicattribute Class real-1.87 ,0.965attribute Age real-0.228,4.38attribute Sex real-1.92,0.521attribute Survived -1.0,1.0inputs Class, Age, Sexoutputs SurvivedTraining SetTest Setw = -0.10250.0431 -0.3983gamma = 0.3141Predicted Class label of test setconfusion matrix of the classifierTrue Positive(TP)=154.000000False Negative(FN)=181.000000False Positive(FP)=64.000000True Negative(TN)=701.000000AUC of Classifier=0.426392Accuracy of classifier in test set is=77.727273Error rate of classifier in test set is=22.272727F_score=55.696203precision=70.642202Recall=45.970149specificity=91.633987Confusion Matrix for SVMFig 7.4 Bar chart of SVM for various Performance MetricPredicted Class label of Naive Bayes ClassifierTrue Positive(TP)=197.000000False Negative(FN)=138.000000False Positive(FP)=148.000000True Negative(TN)=617.000000AUC of Classifier = 0.4782Accuracy of Classifier = 74Error Rate of Classifier = 26F_Score = 57.9412Precision = 57.1015Recall = 58.806Specificity = 80.6536Confusion Matrix for NBCFig 7.5 Bar char t of NBC for various Performance MetricTab 7.4 Comparison of SVM and NBC for various Performance MetricFig 7.6 Bar Chart for Comparison of SVM and NBCDepartment of CSE, RNSIT2014-15Page 1

Mergers Of Abbey National And Santander Finance Essay

Mergers Of Abbey guinea pig And Santander Finance EssayAs Watson Head (2007 310-311) explained the terms Merger and Acquisition argon used interchangeably barely the differences are quite noticeable. The term Merger stirs the friendly reorganisations of assets into a new organization the two similar sized organizations will and so become whizz entity with both sets of existing packetholders. On the other hand, Acquisition or a Takeover suggests obtaining ones companys ordinary share capital by another one. In an encyclopaedism the one of the organizations is capaciousr in size and monetary stability and has the dominant power over the other one. The Acquisition process is lengthy and very complicated in nature. Acquisition of any particular organization can have several motives, the acquirer may want to amplify their economies of scale, commercialize share or to tally the financial synergy through declining the companys cost of capital. All these can be classified asHoriz ontal Merger and Acquisition Involves companies at the same storey of production in the same industry. i.e. the eruditeness of Cadbury by Kraft in 2010Vertical Merger and Acquisition This involves companies at contrastive stage of production hardly within the same industry. The vertical integration can either beForward movement towards the production process, i.e A furniture manufacturer merging with a retail furniture outlet.Backward movement towards securing the suppliers, i.e A furniture manufacturer merging with a wood supplier.Conglome point Merger and Acquisition involves companies in uncorrelated contrast lines. i.e. A clothing company acquiring a jewellery company.Trends in MA act 2004 to 2010 in atomic number 63 Banking Industry get word 1 One in Five companies plans to go for large scale Acquisition in 2010 some industries expect to be even more active. ascendant USB and BCG chief executive officer/Senior Management MA survey- 2009 on 166 European Companies.As fr om the Figure1 and chart1 , The MA trend in Retail and redress industries are in inclining nature, but we can observe an inclining trend in the Banking industry MA in Western Europe compared to the planetary trend. The Western Europe Banking sector MA shows a parallel movement with the global MA trend, suggesting that the Western Market is very susceptible to the overall market movement. The inclining nature of the MA in the Western Baking Sector (from mid 2005- mid 2009) suggests the upturn of the MA trend in the during the current recession crisis, the desires were devising internets with the global trends in M&A as these banks are also earning fees from their advisory and other services, such as syndicated banking facilities to support leveraged bids. The trend also suggests the wave of cross-border MA with the movement of the global trend in order to expand the business.Graph 1 Trend in Global MA activity (2004-2010), compared to tocopherolern and Western Europe banking industry MA. Source BloombergIn the current recession years with low interest rate, poor bond yields and high take aim of liquidity- the banking industry within the Western Europe is embracing the MA opportunity as many corporations have pushed back the bidding deals.1Table 1 MA trend from 1/01/2010 to 29/03/2010. Source BloombergAcquirer RegionTarget RegionAverage Size (GBP million)GlobalGlobal110.63MGlobal northwesterly the States174.94MGlobalEurope79.60MGlobalAsia peaceable65.29MGlobalLatin the States Caribbean331.65MGlobalMiddle East Africa106.65M coupling America pairing America159.79MNorth AmericaEurope114.29MNorth AmericaAsia Pacific48.36MNorth AmericaLatin America Caribbean47.84MNorth AmericaMiddle East Africa17.54MEuropeNorth America546.90MEuropeEurope65.42MEuropeAsia Pacific636.53MEuropeLatin America Caribbean1.14BEuropeMiddle East Africa95.87MAsia PacificNorth America128.86MAsia PacificEurope41.68MAsia PacificAsia Pacific46.56MAsia PacificLatin America Caribbean18 0.35MAsia PacificMiddle East Africa94.18MLatin America CaribbeanNorth America183.26MLatin America CaribbeanEurope455.35MLatin America CaribbeanAsia Pacific73.86MLatin America CaribbeanLatin America Caribbean506.03MLatin America CaribbeanMiddle East Africa11.21MMiddle East AfricaNorth America10.50MMiddle East AfricaEurope485.98MMiddle East AfricaAsia Pacific21.17MMiddle East AfricaLatin America Caribbean7.62MMiddle East AfricaMiddle East Africa134.77MFrom the table above, the MA trend is inclining more towards emerging markets as the target regions although, emerging markets are also opting for MA activities in the same or different emerging markets to expand the business.An Acquisition CASE Abbey national PLC acquired by Banco Santander SABackground of Abbey home(a) PLCThe Abbey National Building Society was formed following the nuclear fusion of the Abbey Road Building Society and the National Building Society in 19442. In July 1989, Abbey became a public limited c ompany and floated on the London investment company Exchange. With 12 million customers and assets of 177 billion, it is ranked the sixth largest bank in the UK by assets and the fifth largest by deposits (with a 9% share of the market). Reflecting its origins as a create society, it is the second largest mortgage provider in the UK, with an 11% share of the market. Furthermore, with 15% of the market, at the time of acquisition, it was the third largest provider of insurance protection products and has a large distribution network with more than 700 branches (EMCC, 2008). Abbey had two main business divisions, Personal Financial Services and the Portfolio Business Unit.Background of Banco Santander Central Hispano SASantander is a bank that has transform itself from being a middle player in the Spanish banking market 20 years ago, it is now a major global bank in operation(p) in Spain, Portugal, Germany, the United Kingdom and other European countries, as well as in Latin Ameri ca. The group is currently the leading consumer bank in Europe and has over 10,500 branches globally (excluding those branches gained through the acquisition of Banco Real as a result of a deal with ABN AMRO). Santander is a technologically advanced bank, with an tuition technology platform that is regarded as a strong competitive advantage. Excluding Banco Real employees, the group currently employs approximately 130,000 people worldwide, of whom 50% are working in Latin America. There are also large numbers of employees working in the UK and Spain. (EMCC, 2008).Banco Santander was a small retail bank when it started its business in 1985, since then it initiated its local market growth through mergers and strategic adhesions and later implemented Low-scale cross-border elaborateness through strategic alliances and acquisitions. Gradually, the implementation of Large-scale cross border expansion took place.Chart 1 Banco Santander Acquisition Transaction Overview till January 2010 . Source ReutersOverview of the AcquisitionThe objectivity of this particular acquisition/takeover was to diversify the business of Banco Santander PLC to mortgage and financial services not to mention to explore the retail banking opportunities in the UK market. Therefore, the motive for this MA was to gain economies of scale through synergy and also to entering a new market in order to optimize their market share, hence buying Abbey was a mean to enter into Europes second largest consumer financing market. In 2003 Abbey National PLC was pricey for Santander and in 2004, Abbey incurred losses from its entry into the money market and Santander decided to go ahead with the Acquisition plan in order to penetrate the UK market. merely, the secondary objective of this acquisition was to under-cut the local competition for Banco Santander with the hopes of obtaining higher profitability in the UK market. Moreover, Banco Santander already had the expertise in the retail banking and built a strategic alliance with the Royal Bank of Scotland from 1988. Therefore, Santander had already gathered banking knowledge and futuristic opportunities. As stated by Parada et al., (2009 666-667) Acquiring Abbey National PLC would make Banco Santander the biggest bank in Europe and Latin America and dominating their business in the strong currencies- the Euro, US dollar and the Pound. The acquisition had boosted the companys operation in six segments Retail Banking, Global Banking Markets, merged Banking, Private Banking, Group Infrastructure and Sold Life Businesses. After the acquisition Abbey National PLC became Santander UK PLC in January 2010.3Abbeys leadership position in the United Kingdoms mortgage alter market, together with its extensive branch network, represent for the shareholders of Banco Santander and of Abbey an opportunity to create nurse based on the application of the best business and technological practices of Banco Santander to Abbeys banking operations. Abbeys business to a great extent contributes to reinforce our pan-European franchise and provides the Group with a more balanced earnings stream.-(Emilio Botn, Chairman of Banco Santander, July 2004).4Table 2 Overview of the Abbey National PLC acquisition. Source ReutersAs noted in Parada et al., (2009, 666-668) in 2004 Abbey was suffering from losses from entering in the whole-sale money market therefore, Santander grabbed the opportunity to launch a friendly bid. Santander managed to overpower all the regulatory obstacles. Although the acquisition was initiated in 2004 but the tentative completion of this acquisition is expected to be at the end of 2010 given Abbey National PLC will be renamed as Santander UK PLC.Figure 2 The 3 steps of internationalization implemented by Santander in 2004. Source Authors.Acquisition of Abbey National PLCGraph 2 The dimensions of Santander acquisition with its growth (2000 to 2004). Source BloombergThe graph above portrays the rising nature of Santander shell out price after the Abbey acquisition at the end of year 2004.Defence Strategy implemented by Abbey National PLCDuring the Acquisition offer, Abbey National PLC urged its rivals British banks to make counter-bid offer in order to push back the 8.9 billion offer do by Banco Santander. Moreover Abbey spent out 9 million worth of Legal documentation to its approximately 1.8 million shareholders in the hopes of bouncing off the Acquisition offer made by Banco Santander.5Valuation of the AcquisitionThe asking price for the acquisition was 10 billion and the sold price was 8.9 billion. The terms of the Acquisition were based on the legality market capitalisation of the two companies over the one-third months prior to 23 July 2004. Based on the average closing market price for a Banco Santander Share on the Spanish stock market was 8.70 and the average closing mid-market price for an Abbey Share on the London furrow Exchange was 4.69 at an exchange rate of 1.5054 1, th e terms of the represent a premium of approximately 28.4 % with a value of severally Abbey Share at 6.03 or 603 pence ( taking into account the 6 pence for dividend differential, crack the financing section), and the entire issued ordinary share capital of Abbey at approximately 8.9 billion.6Financing the Acquisition BidThe acquisition was finance through the purchase of Abbey shares and blend Bid offer was initially offered to precede the acquisition where, Santander (the largest bank in North American and Spain) offered one of its own shares and 31 pence in cash for for each one share of London-based Abbey shareholders.7The special dividend of 25 pence will be paid along with 6 pence (31 pence in total) worth dividend differential to compensate the Abbey National shareholders as historically the dividend grantment of Banco Santander was usually lower than Abbey National Dividend payment (Table3). Later on, in November 2004, the acquisition was carried out through an exchange of one new Santander Share for each of Abbey share.94.6% backing support (based on the share counting only 64.8 % shareholders agreed to the acquisition deal) was received from the Abbeys shareholders in order to proceed with the takeover. The deal was worth or so 9 billion (or 13.5 billion to be exact at the time of acquisition offer the exchange rate was 1.5054 to 1). The enlarged company would be 76%-owned by existing Santander shareholders, with the rest in the hands of Abbey shareholders.8Regulatory FrameworkThe acquisition took place under section 425 of UK Companies Act 1985. Moreover, Santander had to provide many paper-works and expand plans to the European Authorities regarding the Abbey Acquisition (See Appendix, Illustration 2). As a result of the acquisition, Abbeys remaining private shareholders became entitled to one Santander share and the shares are traded in Euros in the Madrid Stock Exchange.9Table 3 Capital Value estimated for the Abbey Shareholders, Source h ttp//www.vernimmen.com/ftp/sch-abbey.pdfCultural DifferencesAlthough, the Spanish culture and British culture vary in many ways they run business. In British Culture, organizations rely mainly on their Human Resource, whereas, Spanish Culture relies more on the technological upgrading. Abbey National PLC had about 33% back-office employees whereas, Santander had about 6% to 10% employees as back-end personnel. Therefore, after the acquisition the employee number in Santander PLC came down to 16 thousands from 24 thousands in the UK. At the time of acquisition Santanders cost to income was 42%, whereas in UK it was on about 50% or more.10The acquisition may be affected by different tax incentives and regulations. Any change in the Spanish Banking policy will affect the Santander UK subsidiary both economically and financially. Moreover at the time of acquisition in 2004, the UK national savings rate is only 14.7% of GDP, compared with over 23% in Spain. Therefore, the spending and sa ving nature in the UK are very diverse than in Spain.As quoted in the Guardian (2005) Santander .. treats its Spanish shareholders to an unusually attractive range of perks, from discounted medical insurance and dental care to cut-price hams and crates of wine.11. Therefore, such treatments in the UK can be perceived as manipulative technique due to the variance in these two cultures.Performance in Share Price and Stock Market- Post AcquisitionSince Banco Santander is a Spanish bank, the shares was listed in Spanish Stock Market and the shareholders had to face exchange rate volatility since the dividend were being paid in Euros nonetheless, the Spanish taxation issue can be quite complicated to the UK shareholders. The Abbey shareholders were given the option to sell the shares to any Spanish Organization in the UK, but Abbey shareholders who held on to their Santander shares over time have to pay tax on any dividends they get.12Banco Santander new shares after the acquisition we re not admitted to the Official List or to trading on the London Stock Exchange during the post period of the acquisition.13In 2009 Santander 1.1 million new current accounts with our 25 million customers, and reported to redeem more than 30% profit in five successive years after the acquisition.Chart 2 The Overview of UK Competitors. Source H1 09 Reports Data and BBA Abstract by HSBCGraph 3 Santander UK PLC share price performance. Sourcehttp//www.h-l.co.uk/shares/shares-search-results/s/santander-uk-plc10-38-non-cum-stlg-pre/chartsThe Santander UK PLC is in the second place after Lloyds Banking Group in the Mortgage market share in UK with relatively reasonable Market share in Retail Banking (Chart 2). Moreover, The EPS of Banco Santander has been performing quite poorly after 2005, it has declined from 0.337 in 2005 to 0.27 in 2009 (See Appendix, Illustration 3 ).The share price of Santander UK PLC has been rising from the year 2005 (Graph 3), partly because the dividend was 15% higher than that paid in the mid of the year 2005. As of in 2006, 25% higher dividend was paid. In 2008, Banco Santander announced its agreement to take over Alliance Leicester PLC (AL). Under the terms of the agreement Banco Santander will offer one Company share for every three AL shares. The European Commission had approved Banco Santander 1.3 billion takeover of Alliance Leicester Plc. Moreover, in year 2008, Banco Santander had agreed to buy Bradford Bingley PLC retail deposits and branch network. Santander had agreed to pay about 400 million to acquire 2.7 million Bradford Bingley customer savings accounts containing some 21 billion of deposits. Therefore, Santander UK PLC is still at its growth stage in the UK Market and it is focusing more on acquiring local financial institutions.Reuters reported in October 2009 that, Banco Santander SA planes to maintain its policy of paying half its net profit in dividends in 2010. Moreover, according to the Yahoo Finance (April, 201 0), Banco Santander SA has higher Dividend yield of 6.80 % and global Foreign Money Centre Banks Industry has the rate at 1.96%, which suggest a favourable investment option to the potential shareholders. The Santander Group is working towards the policy of maximizing shareholders profit.Moreover, as reported in Bloomberg, Banco Santander SA is seeking to list its UK business in London Stock Exchange listing from February 2010 in order to raise funds for possible future buy-up opportunities, the listing offering may value at more than 15 billion. Banco Santander is looking for funds to bid for Royal Bank of Scotland PLC network of 300 branches.On the other hand, Santander UK is willing to sell 25% of its stake in order to be listed in FTSE 100 and also to pay out about 1 billion a year in dividends to construe an attractive deal to the investors (Source The Times).ConclusionAlthough, there were many speculation against the Abbey acquisition due to its cross-border nature, but all th e speculations were proven wrong. Although, this particular acquisition was the most talked about topic in the UK financial market, and many believed the acquisition would not create any value for the Abbey Shareholders. With proper understanding of the local market, Banco Santander had utilized its previous acquisition knowledge when it came to this acquisition. Banco Santander knows what its UK shareholders want and trying to live up that expectation to serve their UK shareholders. Banco Santander is seeking to expand its business in the UK. Although, till date the Abbey bank transformation is still under progress, but Banco Santander had been patient with the UK market because they know- slow and steady wins the race.BibliographyHuws, U. OKeefe, B. 2008. Managing Change in EU Cross-Border Acquisition, Case example Santander and Abbey Expansion modify access to new markets. EMCC Company Network, 1-4.Mayer-Sommer, A. P. , Sweeney, S. Walker, D.A. 2005. Effect of Bank Acquisition on Shareholder Returns. Bank Accounting and Finance, 1-7, June-July.Lausberg, C. Stahl, T. 2009. Motives and Non-Economic Reasons for Bank Mergers and Acquisitions. The Icfai University Journal of Bank Management, 8(1) 1-25.

The Disorders Of Homeostasis Health And Social Care Essay

The Disorders Of Homeostasis Health And Social C atomic number 18 EssayThis assignment leave behind reason the changes of normalsocial, corporal, biochemical and physiologicalfunctions of a affection process of chronic obstructive pneumonic infirmity (COPD). This is a term used for a spell of conditions including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD leads to damaged skyways in the lungs, causing them to draw narrower and making it harder for crease to get in and out of the lungs. The word chronic means that the problem is long-term. COPD is a condition which mainly affects people over the age of 40, and COPD has a higher prevalence occurring among women than men (NHS-Choices, 2008).COPD is overly a condition that is long term and incurable that good deal have a serious affects on health and quality of life, its not fully lowstood why COPD develops. (Marieb, 2003). The student impart also stop local and national health and social policies, including frameworks that ar in place in relation to the tolerants illness. The student identified a patient named Mrs J. She was admitted to hospital collectible to exacerbation of COPD. Her primary diagnosis is Osteoarthritis of the Hip but also had symptoms of emphysema. Mrs J is a 55 year old woman and is married, Mrs J also has an older child of 34 whom she has become quite dep ratiocinationant on and felt like she had pretended on her childs life and had become a hindrances. Mrs J has become more breathless as her condition develops over sequence and more so while she was lying in bed unable to break away out her daily activities such as insideng the housework, leisure activities, also looking after her appearance as she normally would have make at home.COPD is fit one of the fastest leading causes of disability (NHS choices, 2008). According to British Lung Foundation, (2010) a recent survey, 83% of COPD patients said their COPD slows them down, 79% said they had to cut down their activities and 56% said their condition has a great affect on their families. COPD is the most common respiratory conditions in adults in the developed world and poses an enormous point to society both in terms of direct cost to the healthcare services and indirect costs to society by means of loss of productivity. Recent synopsis estimated that National Health wait on (NHS) spends 818 million annually in the United Kingdom (UK). (British Thoracic Society, 2006). However 50% of the cost is accounted for by poorly managed exacerbations resulting in frequent re-admissions to hospital (Coakley Ruston, 2001).COPD is a chronic inflammatory condition of the lungs that causes the respiratory passages to be swollen and irritated, increases the mucus production and damaging the lungs. (Marieb, 2003).COPD develops when irritants are passd into the give ventway and down the bronchial tubes. Normally, group O is passed through the bronchioles into the alveoli, tiny hollow sack-like structures in the lungs where oxygen is absorbed in to the rouestream. When air is mixed with smoke or irritants, it testament damage the lungs and the ability to take enough oxygen in (NHS-Choices, 2008).Mrs J condition would of been triggered by her heavy smoking, the toxins from her cigarettes has made her bronchioles ( respiratory tract and lungs) become inflamed and narrowing the airway, this lead lead to irreversible damage to the respiratory system by obstructing the bronchial airflow and hindering gaseous exchange wi boil down the alveoli (Munden, J, 2007). Mrs J suffers from galore(postnominal) symptoms collectable to her smoking these include shortness of breath, a persistent cough, yellowish green sputum, signs of cyanosis to her lips, also Mrs J has continued to smoke as she cut backks the damage has already been done so her condition. The vast majority of COPD patients are smokers. By stopping smoking patients plenty slow the rate of decline in lung function and thus repair the p atients prospects in terms of symptoms and survival.The NICE guidance recommends that short-acting bronchodilators should be used for the initial treatment for breathlessness and exercise limitation and goes on to say that, if this isnt having an effect consequently the treatment should be intensified using either a long-acting bronchodilator or a combined therapy with a short acting beta2-agonist and a short-acting anticholinergic.The respiratory system is the major part for gases exchange to take place, it allows takes the air that enters are bodies when we inhale and travels through the respiratory system, exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide and expels carbon dioxide when we exhale (munden, J, 2007).Mrs J has been smoking now for 45 years and on an average day having up to 40 cigarettes a day and is not prepared to quit as she feels the damage is already done. Mrs J smokes for comfort and feels that its all for her pleasure, she has become rattling isolated, her chronic bronc hitis makes her breathless when doing actives and is not able to do her daily activities on that pointfore is worthy depressed. Do this having a huge impact on her mental and social parts of her life.Patients like Mrs J with airflow limitation clinically they have become known as pink puffers and blue bloaters (Kleinschmidt, 2008). Patients with COPD have traditionally been divided intopink puffersandblue bloatersbased on their physiological response to abnormal root gases.The former work hard to maintain a normal pO2which is why they puff away. They break away to have a barrel-shaped, hyper inflated chest and breathe through pursed lips. The latter are blue because of hypoxia and polycythaemia. They are often obese and have water retention. This is why they are bloated. Theblue bloatersare dependent upon hypoxia for their respiratory rag and to give oxygen and deprive them of this will lead to significanthypercapniaand acid base imbalance. (MedicineNet, 1996 2010)Mrs J falls under the term blue bloaters as she linked to chronic bronchitis receivable to cyanosis which causes a blue tinge to the lips, which occurs from poor gas exchange. Airway Smooth Muscle in Asthma and COPD Biology and pharmacological medicineby Prof. Kian Fan Chungpink puffers has been linked to emphysema as the patients may be showing signs of weight loss, using their accessory muscles with pursed lips giving them a red-faced complexion, they may also adopt the tripod sitting position (Kleinschmidt, 2008). Although these conditions separate the patient may present with slight variations of them both, however they do differentiate through their central process, signs and symptoms (Bellamy Booker, 2004).The respiratory system can be separated into a conducting and a respiratory portion. The conducting portion consists of the air-transmitting passages of the nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. This part of the respiratory system serves to filter, warm and h umidify air on its way to the lungs. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology by Gerard J. Tortora, and Bryan H.Specialized portions of the conducting system also serve other functions, e.g., the nose in the sense of smell, the pharynx in alimentation, and the larynx in phonation. The actual exchange of gases occurs in the respiratory portion which consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs and alveoli. Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness.Principles of Anatomy and Physiology by Gerard J. Tortora, and Bryan H. DerricksonThere are two separate arterial systems in the lungs, the pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated stock, follow the respiratory passages and end in capillaries in alveolar walls, and the bronchial arteries which carry oxygenated blood. (Ross and Wilson,2009).The lungs are richly supplied with lymphatic vessels, which are organized into two sets a deep set that accompanies the pulmonary vessels and airways and a superfici al set that lies beneath the visceral and parietal pleura. Little or no anatomises occurs between the two plexus except in the region of the hilum. (SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 2008)The lung is the organ for gas exchange it transfers oxygen from the air into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air. To accomplish gas exchange the lung has two components, airways and alveoli. The airways are branching, tubular passages like the branches of a tree that allow air to relocation in and out of the lungs. The wider segments of the airways are the trachea and the two bronchi. The down(p)er segments are called bronchioles. At the ends of the bronchioles are the alveoli, thin-walled sacs. Small blood vessels (capillaries) run in the walls of the alveoli, and it is across the thin walls of the alveoli where gas exchange between air and blood takes place. 1996-2010 MedicineNet, http//www.medicinenet.com/chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease_copd/article.htmAirways and air s acs within the lungs are elasticised, with the air we breathe the lungs will change shape with inhalation they continue and return to the normal shape after they have been stretched with full of air.With in the Lining the of the nasal cavity is a mucous membrane full of blood vessels, with the many blood vessels this enable the nose to warm and humidify the incoming air quickly. Cells in the mucous membrane produce mucus and have tiny hair like projections (cilia). Usually, the mucus trammels incoming dirt particles, which are then moved by the cilia toward the front of the nose or down the throat to be removed from the airway. This action attentions clean the air before it goes to the lungs.Ciliated Columnar Epithelium which contains goblet cells and cilia, the goblet cells are responsible for secreting mucus which is able to trap the finer particles from inspired air and the cilia which are fine hairs to trap particles from going into the respiratory track. The cilia carrys the particles by a sweeping the mouth or nose where it can then be swallowed, coughed or sneezed out of the body (Munden, 2007).The two major sources of mucus secretion in the respiratory tract are the surface epithelial goblet cells and mucous cells. In lungs, goblet cells are present in the large bronchi, becoming increasingly thin toward the bronchioles. The sub mucosal glands are in the airways with the thickness decreasing with airway quality. With COPD, sub mucosal glands increase in size (hypertrophy), and the number of goblet cells will increased (hyperplasia) (Rogers, Jackson, 2001). The increased of goblet cells to ciliary cells will cause thickness in the bronchioles, this then impairs clearance of mucus.Patients affected by COPD also show the presence of edema, which can further reduce airway size and compromise the lung function. (Postma and Kerstjens, 1998). In clinical studies, these inflammatory parameters have been shown to correlate with a reduction lung function and an exaggerated bronchoconstriction (Postma and Kerstjens, 1998).The goblet cells are replaced within the small airways (bronchi) with Clara cells they are another form of secreting cell that are form ciliated cells and to help renew the bronchiolar epithelium, they produce hypophase component and a protease inhibitor these help protect the lungs by clearing foreign bodys from the airway (Stokley et al, 2006)Gasses exchange in the lung takes places in the airway with in the alveoli, The largest airway is the windpipe (trachea), this then branches into two small airways the left and right bronchi, At the end of each bronchiole are thousands of small air sacs (alveoli) the walls are a thick network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries. The thin barrier between air and capillaries allows oxygen to move from the alveoli to the blood and allows carbon dioxide to move from the blood to the capillaries into the alveoli (Matterporth Matfin, 2009).Mr J has a poor respiratory drive col lectable to having poor ventilation on the lungs. Hypoxemia and hypercapnia can take place due to the poor ventilation, hypoxia in Patients with COPD like Mrs J have raised carbon dioxidelevels anddependon a deficiency of oxygen (hypoxia) to encourage respiration. They will develop increased CO2retention,respiratory acidosisand subsequently will require mechanized ventilation (oxygen). It also causes the kidneys to produce erthpoietin which stimulates excessive red blood cell production as Mrs J has poor ventilation intake the blood cells are not fully oxygenated there for cyanosis can occurs (Munden, J, 2007).This has lead to hypercapnia due to raised carbon dioxide levels resulting from suppression of hypoxic ventilation drive. However, this understanding does not account for the many factors that contribute to the control of breathing in patients, and has resulted in oxygen being withheld inappropriately from some patients with acute respiratory failure. (Brooker Nicol, 2004). Mrs J has lent to live in hypoxic drive as she has made adjustments in her life and has lived like this for 4 years now and has become normal to her. Mrs J has sensitivity to falling oxygen levels rather than raised carbon dioxide (Brooker Nicol, 2004). A higher level of oxygen within Mrs Js system reduces the stimulus to breath therefore inducing carbon dioxide support (Walsh Crumbie, 2007).Emphysema occurs when the air sacs at the ends of your bronchioles gradually gets destroyed, smoking is the leading cause of emphysema. Resulting in the air sacs (alveoli), in the lungs becoming over stretched making their thin walls tear, there for losing the lung tissue and elasticity. The lungs cannot expand or contract fully, and so become less efficient when breathing. (McCance Huether, 2006) As the condition worsens, emphysema turns the air sacs which are like a bunch of grapes to become enlarged, irregular pockets with gaping holes in their inner walls this reduces the number of air sacs and keeps some oxygen entering the lungs from reaching the bloodstream (Munden, J, 2007). This makes you try and breathe harder as insufficient oxygen is not getting into our airways. Our bodies compensates by lowering cardiac output and we then begin to hyperventilate, which then results in limited blood flow through fairly well oxygenated lungs this is in contrast to chronic bronchitis (Brooker Nicol, 2004). Due to low cardiac output in Mrs Js body it will tend to suffer from tissue hypoxia leading to weight loss or muscle wasting (McClance Huether, 2006).Mrs Js chronic bronchitis is a Type 2 respiratory failure this refers to hypercapnoea, which is a presence of an abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the blood steam, which can occur with or without hypoxia. This type of respiratory failure is caused by a decline the amount of gas inhaled and exhaled (Higgins,D., Guest,J, 2008). Respiratory failure occurs when alveolar ventilation is ineffective to expel carbon dioxi de in the body. Poor ventilation is due to minify ventilation effort, it affects the lung as a whole, there for carbon dioxide accumulates in the lungs this could deadly if it is not treated (Partridge, 2006). This process is seen in patients such as Mrs J with COPD and can be made more aggressive by an illness (Higgins,D., Guest,J, 2008).Mrs J views her quality of life as poor and hates getting up in the mornings, this is because Mrs J becoming breathless and not being able to fulfil her daily activities.COPD can leave patients feeling anxious and suffering from panic attacks (Christen Antoni, 2000). Mrs J feels panicked becoming breathless as she has had frequent admissions of exacerbation with long stays in hospital, exacerbations is a increased case of breathlessness and sputum experience and very distressing for patients and disruptive to their lives (Alaxander,Fawcett Runciman, 2006).Because of Mrs J being short of breath she feels very lonely and isolated, Mrs J has now go t a low self-importance esteem and self confidence this has been induced by her affects of the disease, any activities such as washing, dressing and shopping has become quite dependant on her family in these tasks and feels helpless and a hinderance to them. The psychological affects of living with COPD can be overwhelming the anxiety and panic levels are very high as Mrs J is living in constant fear and frustration each day of the affects of the illness.COPD patients tend to have a high prevalence rate of clinical depression (N, Haynes, 2000). Depression is very common in COPD patients, around 40% are affected by severe depressive symptoms or clinical depression (Henriksen,A, 2008).Since Mrs J has been diagnosed she has had to make some psychological adjustments, she has some challenges ahead of her such as maintaining her ADLs i.e. self image and personal hygiene. Mrs J feels weak and drained on any activities she does due to breathlessness, most of the time she has to rely on her husband and family to meet these needs and has become dependant upon them this can lead to activation of negative self image which has lasting changes to the patient (Christen Antoni, 2000). Mrs J feels that dealing with her chronic illness she has had to challenge her own self worth, her own sense of vulnerability and to think of what the future has in hold for her (N, Haynes, 2000). COPD may also adversely affect Mrs J self image which is negatively bulls eyetised her self inflicted this illness on her self due to smoking (Gore et al, 2000).Stigma has had a huge impact on Mrs Js low self esteem as she has smoked most of her life and has caused her condition to progress, so she only has herself to blame. Having low self esteem can be very difficult for some patients to handle as is plays a role in their lives (Christen Antoni, 2000). The more inactive Mrs J will becomes it will decrease her self esteem and can have an impact on her well being (Haynes, 2000). Mrs J also think s that she has become depressed due to her condition which has had a huge impact on her quality of life with has lead to isolation and dependant on family and friends (Barnett, 2008).COPD patients are being stigmatized in todays society, this disabling condition has been linked to poor lifestyle changes and people that have smoked (Bartolame, Berger, 2009).Patients with COPD feel stigmatised due to medical profession as they have been labelled under pink puffers and blue bloaters this can have a negative impact on their image (Johnson et al, 2007). Mrs J feels that the main reason that she has become isolated is that she is low by her visible side affect due to poor mobility and breathlessness. COPD research has mainly focused on the medical side rather than the social impact of the disease. This neglect is seen as patients are not prepared for wider social attitudes of smoking related to their illness and has been looked at as self infliction and avoidable conditions creating sti gma which is attached to the disease (Johnson et al, 2007).The National Clinical Strategy for COPD is currently being developed by the Department of Health. This was previously known as the National Service Framework (NSF). Following the Darzi report which stated that high quality for all this was based upon ways to reshape and improve the NHS. The National Clinical Strategy will address the lack of awareness of COPD and also focus on the undiagnosed or inaccurately and also making clear pathways for those diagnosed. (NICE, 2004). NICE guidelines on COPD grok a full range of care that should be available from the NHS to adults like Mrs J who has this illness and to have the appropriate support and treatments this includes smoking cessation, pulmonary reformation and management of exacerbations and to have easy access to these services (NICE, 2008).COPD has had a huge negative impact on Mrs Js life she has had to overcome challenges due to her COPD such as her basic day to day acti vities, by making some adjustments to meet these tasks. With Mrs J disabling disease this has lead to loss of function, low self confidence and has become socially isolated in her own home due to her clinical depression (Brooker, 2005).Alexander, M. F., Fawcett, J., Runciman, P. J., (Eds.). (2006). Nursing practice The adult hospital and home. (3rd ed.). Edinburgh Churchill Livingstone.Barnett, M. (2008). Management of end stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. British Journal of Nursing, 17(22),1390 1394.Barr, R. G. Bourbeau, J, Camargo C. A. Inhaled tiotropium for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18(2)Bartolame, A., Berger, R. (2009). Blaming the patient. Retrieved 2nd February 2010 website http//www.breathingbetterlivingwell.com/lofiversion/index.php/t6895.htmBellamy, D., Booker, R. (Eds.). (2004). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care All you need to know to manage COPD in your practice. (3rd ed.). Lond on Class publishing.Bellamy, D., Brooker, R. (2004). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care. Journal of Community Nursing, 23(4), 24-25.British Lung Foundation. (2007). The affect of the disease of COPD. Retrieved 14th January 2010 website http//www.lung.uk.org/you-and-your-lungs/conditions-and-diseases/copd.htmBritish Lung Foundation. (2010). The National Strategy for COPD. Retrieved 7th February 2010 website http//www.lunguk.org/media-and-campaigning/campaigns/what-is-the-national-strategy-for-copdBritish Thoracic Society. (2006).The burden of lung disease and statistics report. Journal of Community Nursing, 22(7) 25-26.Britton, M. The burden of COPD in the U.K. results from the Confronting COPD survey.Respir Med.2003Brooker, C., Nicol, M. (Eds.). (2004). Nursing adults The practice of caring. (3rd ed.). Edinburgh Mosby Elsevier.Brooker, R. (2005). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and NICE guidelines. Nursing Standards. 19(22), 43-52.Christen, A., Antoni, M. (Ed.). (2000). chronic physical disorders Behavioural medicines perspective. Oxford Blackwell publishing Ltd.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, NICE Clinical Guideline (2004)Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults in primary and secondary careChronic obstructive pulmonary disease, NICE Clinical Guideline (2004)Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults in primary and secondary careCoakley, A. L., Ruston, A. (2001). Pulmonary disease and smoking A case for health promotion. British Journal of Nursing. 10 (1), 20-24.COPD. BMJ Clinical Evidence.www.clinicalevidence.com, accessed 10 June 2009Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease September 2005.Gore, J. M., Brophy, C. J., Greenstone, M. A. (2000). How well do we care for patients with end stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? A comparison of palliative care and quality of life in COPD and lung cancer. British Medical Journal Thorax. 55,1000-1006.Guyton, A.C. a nd Hall, J.E. (2000) W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia London.Haynes, N. (Ed.). (2000). Foundations of psychology, (3rd ed.). London Thomson Learning.Henriksen, A. (2008). Statistics on clinical depression. Retrieved 2nd February 2010 website http//www.medscape.com/viewarticle/586751Higgins, D., Guest, J. (2008). nifty respiratory failure Assessing patients. Retrieved 1st February 2010 website http//www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice-clinical-research/acute-respiratory-failure-assessing-patients/1833932-articleJohnson, J. L., Campbell, A. C., Bowers, M., Nichol, A. M. (2007). Understanding the social consequences of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease effects of stigma and gender. The American Thoracic Society, 4680-682. doi 10.1513/pats.200706-0845d.Kleinschmidt, P. (2008). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. Retrieved from Emedicine website http//emedicine.medscape.com/article/807143-overviewLacasse, Y. Goldstein, R. Lasserson, T. J. Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database, 2006 Oct 18(4)Marieb, N. E. (Ed). (2003). Essentials of Human Anatomy Physiology. (7th ed.). San Francisco Benjamin Cummings.Masters, N., Tutt, C. (2007). ingest pack years calculator. Retrieved on 14th January 2010 from website http//www.smokingpackyears.com/Matterporth, C., Matfin, G. (2009). Pathophysiology concepts of altered heath states. (8th ed.). Lippincott, Willams Wilkins Raven Publishers.McClance, L. K., Huether, E. S. (Eds.). (2006). Pathophysiology the biologicMunden, J. (Ed.). (2007). Professional guide to pathophysiology. (2nd ed.). Philadelphia Lippincott, Willams Wilkins.NICE(2007)Acutely Ill Patients in Hospital. light of and Response to Acute Illness in Adults in Hospital.Textbook of Medical Physiology (10th edition)SUNY Downstate Medical Center, . (2008, March 05). The Respiratory system. Retrieved from http//ect.downstate.edu/courseware/histomanual/respiratory.htmlMedicineNet, . (1996 2010). Chr onic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) . Retrieved from http//www.medicinenet.com/chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease_copd/page4.htmsymp

Electrical Engineering Essay examples -- Graduate Admissions Essays

As a graduate student, I will under stool investigate and coursework in Electrical Engineering to enhance my competencies in this field. I intend to complete my masters degree in order to pursue my doctorate. The research that I am most interested in pursuing at Northeastern University surrounds the optical properties of MEMS devices, and the development of substrate-based fast electro-optical interfaces. My interest in this area stems from my undergraduate area in MEMs development for tri-axial accelerometers. Engineering has been a key interest of mine since childhood. While still in grade school I enjoyed listening to my father, an electrical engineer, instill me about advances in technology, and was always eager to hear more. I was introduced to my first computer at the age of five, and have loved interacting with them ever since. My decision to study engineering as a career was no surprise to those who knew me. In college I found that I was always studying something I enjo yed. I reckon it is because I enjoy my life and my work that I have been successful. Spending hours in the laboratory is not something that I dread, but instead I take pride in my work and its successful completion. One example of this that is still fresh in my mind is the successful design of a fully useful microprocessor in the Xilinx environment. All told, the project took over 150 hours of each design-team members time. However, I did not look on it as a drain, but an experience for encyclopaedism and a focus for my professional and technical development. When we finished the project we felt the sense of worth and pride in completion of a task that was at once above our level of knowledge. Pursuing a graduate degree ... ...MEMs design, I hope to advance my understanding. Through research at the graduate level, it is my hope to hold up familiar with, and innovate the design of MEMs Optics in hopes of creating a reliable and practical MEMs Electro-Optical Interface for use in consumer electronics. It is my hope, that through my research, optical waveguides for intradevice communication might be realized. Finally, my intent to pursue graduate study is laid plain. Study of MEMs optics is my intended focus, and I am committed to my goal. In pursuing a doctoral degree, I have closely analyzed myself to determine the reasons for my previous successes and my goals for the future. I have found that I do and have always enjoyed engineering, and that I have a strong desire to pursue my study further. I am prepared to commit myself to that study, and achieve what I have set out to do.

Recommendations to Grow Joes Landscaping And Equipment Rental Business

Joes Landscaping and Equipment Rental BusinessIntroductionAt 50 workers, Joes company is roaring enough to keep him busy six days per week. Joe seems to be very hands-on, and his daily landscaping and tree-trimming efforts, as well as his renting of landscaping equipment, keeps him rather busy. Joes company appears to be at a point where his organization is as large as it can get and still be operable with his stimulate set of hands. The vision that is needed must be determined by Joe, himself. Does he want the company to remain small and for him to remain personally involve in the daily tree-trimming and landscaping operations? Does he want to continue handling the renting of his own equipment? Or is he willing to relinquish those duties to others to concentrate on his efforts elsewhere? VisionFor the sake of this discussion, this paper assumes that he wants to grow his company. Given that assumption, the first recommendation is that he hire full-time national managers to hand le the field work, which will allow him time to focus on managing, sales, fee collection, and other administrative tasks, which he so desperately needs.Immediately, Joes company faces two serious problems, however, in advance it can grow. Joes first concern is employee turnover due to the seasonality of the work. It can be assumed that business is slow in the winter months because of the weather and also because of the spend shopping season. There is likely not much business to be had and even less need for employees on the payroll. It is not surprising that employees are a great deal forced to quit, completely or temporarily, in order to find income elsewhere. The good news is that with a constant influx of new employees, his staff is being compensable low pay rates... ... A. (2005). So you want to get paid on time? Heres how to make it happen. Retrieved November 5, 2006, from http//www.techwr-l.com/techwhirl/employmentarticles/gettingpaid.htmlGround Trades XChange (2006). For ums. Retrieved November 5, 2006, from http//www.groundtradesxchange.com/forums/showthread.php?s=ad2c13cf46495c7bfa38b106f3dfa4c5&threadid=2899 Horicultural Business Information Network (n.d.). grace businesses. Retrieved November 5, 2006, from http//www.utextension.utk.edu/hbin/HBIN-Landscape.htmMy Financial Foundation (2006). Finding the right lawyer. Retrieved November 5, 2006, fromhttp//smallbusiness.yahoo.com/r-article-a-1665-m-1-sc-11-finding_the_right_lawyer-i Pats Peak (n.d.). Equipment Rental & Liability Release Agreement. Retrieved November 5, 2006, from http//www.patspeak.com/rentform.pdfsearch=liability%20equipment%20rental

short story :: essays research papers

A NEW PAGE by P. RingonIts been two weeks, and I havent made any real friends. Its just that, I feel as if no mavin likes me. Sure, Ive talked to a few people, like Jessica and this real hot guy Chase, but Im starting to feel lonely again. I mean, I was captain of the cheerleading squad at my old school, and was one of the popular girls. Diary, I just dont get it. Well, whatever, Im way too tired to keep on writing so, allows just hope tomorrow will be at least a little different from the norm, that Im slowly get used to. Until next time.Carissa woke up the next morning and carelessly stumbled out of bed. She looked in the mirror and thought no wonder no ones really talked to me, I look like crap. Despite her morning thoughts, she and everyone else knew how gorgeous she actually was. With her hair done, face fresh, clean, made-up, and new clothes to show off, she headed out the gate and jumped into her car. She sped down to the nearest Starbucks, just like she did every morning . She finally got to school, still getting used to how different things looked compared to her old one. Carissa was still not used to her dadas line of work, withal though it was the fourth time his company had transferred him.Following the same routine she had been going through for the past two weeks, Carissa sit in the courtyard and read one of her favorite novels, The Joy Luck Club, and sipped on her brand-name cappuccino with extra whipped cream, hoping that someone would take interest in her and maybe even spark a new friendship. Carissa was reading water had turned a deep golden color, and then red, purple, when she was suddenly startled by someone who knocked everywhere her cappuccino.Without even looking to see who did it she blabbed out, Look You need to watch where youre going, Loser. Carissa looked up and suddenly felt her heart sink and her face turn as red as an apple. It was Chase, and before she could even begin to apologize, he jumped in saying, Oh, damn. Hey, um m, its Carissa, right? Im so sorry, I was totally zoned out. Here, I have a Starbucks ccino, too, and I didnt even do so much as breathe on it yet.