Marriage Essay -- Married Relationships Family Families Essays

Marriage What does marriage mean? By definition, marriage is the legal union of a man and a woman as husband and wife (Websters Dictionary). Most people claim that they want their marriage to last a lifetime. Because over half of all marriages in the join States end in a divorce, most people lack the understanding of what it takes to stay married. I believe that couples should become more aw ar of the commitment that they are making when they enter into marriage. Men and women should get to know one another completely before deciding to get married. Important issues such as religion, finances, career, and whether or not to have children should be discussed so that the couple can learn each others views regarding the issues to determine compatibility. For example, Br...

Marriage Essay -- Married Relationships Family Families Essays

Marriage What does marriage mean? By definition, marriage is the legal union of a man and a woman as husband and wife (Websters Dictionary). Most people claim that they want their marriage to last a lifetime. Because over half of all marriages in the United States end in a divorce, most people lack the understanding of what it takes to stay married. I believe that couples should become more aware of the commitment that they are making when they interpose into marriage. Men and women should get to know one another completely before deciding to get married. Important issues such as religion, finances, career, and whether or not to harbour children should be discussed so that the couple can learn each others views regarding the issues to determine compatibility. For example, Br...

Cons of Obamacare

Patient Protection and Affordable fear exertion The Patient Protection and Affordable bring off perform of 2010 is the first major wellness rush act passed since the 1967s Medicare and Medicade act. Obamacare is the name given by critics, because of the power that is given to the national government to regulate healthcare prices. The rationalness given that this act was passed is that it leave alonel save billions of federal dollars each year. umteen people against the act believe it should be repealed ,and the reason for this is, because it gives absent healthcare to people who dont cede for it.The act also takes away from elderberry bushs who really need the medi,cade benefits, and also gain grounds doctors increase how much people pay them. The Patient Protection and Affordable fearfulness Act of 2010 is an extreme set of laws that give the federal government too much power over health care, lets government choose the price of health care, takes away health benefits from older citizens, takes away more care from people who work for it truly deserve the care, and in addition it is already costing three times more than what it was expected to cost.The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is an act that generally lets alwaysyone have health care, and is supposed to make health care cheaper. The idea of this plan is to reduce the cost of health care over a decade by 1. 2 trillion dollars making everyone get health care. Overall studies have shown that in the first decade it actually cost 3. 2 trillion dollars to insure everyone, and that is not good at all.There are many another(prenominal) good parts of medicare like how it benfits small business, and it allows for parents to let their kids stay on their own insuramce plan until they are 26 which actually earns health insuracne companies for bills in the long term. However the Obamacare give actually hurt the middle class, and more than likely increase health insurance cost for everyone . This wiill ultimately hurt our reckon deficit recovery plan which is the whole reason the PPAC was initially made. Obamacare was a dishonest plan to begin with, and if Romney gets in office hopefully he will repeal the horrible act that is Obamacare.Many people think The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 is socialism. There are many reasons for this, one is that it lets the federal government mandate what the price of health care is which in effect can cause the prices of healthcare to go up dramatically within the near four years. This also makes everyone get health care even if that set family cant afford it which is a form of Socialism. If you refuse to get the new health care, like in the case of small businesses with over 50 employees they will drop existing businesses medicade plan that you have, and you wont have the extra care at all.In all technicallity there has been no limit in which the federal government can tax Americans for health care. In the lon g run that will compose a bigger dent in Americas economy and our debt to China. Senior citizens across the country who cant afford regular health care prices use medicade to refuse their price, and The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 is making it more difficult for seniors to recieve Medicade help practically taking all the relief given to senior citizens with obamacare. The effects on senior citizens will be catastrophic there will be a shortage of 95,000 doctors due to pay cuts.Which will make it to where less and less people can be seen by a doctor each day. Seniors, in fact, will have to pay at to the lowest degree ten percent more than their usual medicare plan due to tax cuts, and price increases. Another bad fact is that due to Obamas irresponsible tax cuts that 15 percent of medicare or medicaid plans will be cut from the system, directly affecting the amount of care that seniors will be able to recieve no matter what. i elderly woman from Massachuse tts who is fighting parkinsons says that she has already stopped recieving cheap care because doctors are already preparing for Obamacare in 2013.In 2010 president Barack Obama ensured us that in the first decade of his healthcare plan it will save us 1. 2 trillion dollars. However that was false, and The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 will cost three times more than what was originally projected. Republican senators have shown this estimate everytime they calculate the plan, and many say that Obama just plain divulge lied to Americans who had given him support. Also it will put Americans in an extra two trillion dollar deficit in which the total deficit will add up to 5 trillion dollars.The senate is already pushing to ammend the bill to where maybe we can correct his mistakes, but also save us money in the first three decades which was originally projected. Obama held a joint session in 2010 where he practically said this is the plan, and it will cost 900 bill ion dollars that its already made us spent three more times the usual amount for any health care plan in America. Many people who some say dont deserve healthcare are getting healthcare while middle class families are giving more than ever to support these bums.Obamacare is practically ripping care out of the hands of people who work hard for care, yet supports the poor people who cant afford it. in a flash we must understand that there are special circumstances for people, but most people have the energy to get off the couch so they should be able to find a job. In most circumstances if they got laid off or whatever the other circumstances are, but it doesnt tight Obama should just give special care to these people because there to lazy to go out and work every day like normal Americans. The polish to my thoughts about The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 is simple.One, it lets the government choose the price of healthcare and medicade, and also is a form of s ocialism. Two, war veterans, and senior citizens who worked hard everyday for our country are steadily being taken from. Three, the act grants them the power to tax more from medicade. Next, The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 is starting to cost three times more than president Barack Obama originally projected it to cost. In conclusion the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 couldve been a great act, but many others think it will be a economic disaster that sets off another depression.

Death penalty/capital punishment

It makes people think twice about their actions, instil fear demo Michael Summers, PhD, MBA, Professor of Management Science at Pepperdine University, wrote in his Nov. 2, 2007 article Capital Punishment Works in the Wall Street Journal Our recent query shows that each execution carried out is correlated with about 74 fewer murders the following year The study examined the relationship between the number of executions and the number of murders in the U. S. for the 26-year period from 1979 to 2004, using data from publicly available FBI sourcesThere seems to be an obvious negative correlation in that when executions increase, murders decrease, and when executions decrease, murders increase Paul H. Rubin, PhD, Professor of political economy at Emory University Recent research on the relationship between capital penalty and homicide has created a consensus among most economists who contain studied the issue that capital punishment deters murder. Early studies from the 1970s and 198 0s reached conflicting results. However, recent studies energise exploited better data and more than sophisticated statistical techniques.The modern refereed studies have consistently shown that capital punishment has a strong deterrent effect, with each execution deterring between 3 and 18 murders 2) Justice for the victim is achieved only through the close penalty. Refutation, opposition says it does not bring justice because mistakenly convict the innocent person With the life sentence the criminal somehow still gets congest on the streets and then might kill again. The people who survive need a peace of mind that the person who committed the plague can never enume roam after them again. ife sentence does not work out the judicial system gives a person life sentence but somehow they get back on the streets and statistics show that nearly 30 convicted killers released from jail over the past 10 days have gone on to kill again give thanks to the fair judicial system. Eviden ce Frederick A. Romano remembers his mothers panic-filled voice as she talked to his father, of himself grabbing the phone only to hear his father tell him that his older sister had been hurt. Its justice, Fred Romano said. Its not revenge. His wife, Vicki Romano, agreed, then elaborated. penalise would be going out and killing one of the murderers family members, Vicki Romano said. The death penalty isnt revenge. Its the law. FactsMarch 31st, 2009 There are many reasons the death penalty should be abolished. It is a entangled issue and it is difficult to point to any single fact or argument as the most important. 1) Executions are carried out at staggering woo to taxpayers. It costs far more to execute a person than to keep him or her in prison for life.A 2011 study found that California has spent more than $4 billion on capital punishment since it was reinstated in 1978 and that death penalty trials are 20 times more expensive than trials quest a sentence of life in prison without possibility of parole. California currently spends $184 million on the death penalty each year and is on track to spend $1 billion in the next five years. 2) There is no credible evidence that capital punishment deters crime. Scientific studies have consistently failed to demonstrate that executions deter people from committing crime anymore than long prison sentences.Moreover, states without the death penalty have much lower murder rates. The due south accounts for 80% of US executions and has the highest regional murder rate. 3) Innocent people have been convicted and executed. The wrongful execution of an innocent person is an injustice that can never be rectified. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty, 140 men and women have been released from Death Row nationally. some only minutes away from execution. Moreover, in the past two years evidence has come to light which indicates that four men may have been wrongfully EXECUTED in recent years for crimes they did not commit.This error rate is simply appalling, and completely unacceptable, when we are talking about life and death. 4) Race plays a role in determining who lives and who dies. The race of the victim and the race of the suspect in capital cases are major factors in determining who is sentenced to die in this country. In 1990 a report from the General Accounting Office think that in 82 percent of the studies reviewed, race of the victim was found to influence the likelihood of being charged with capital murder or receiving the death penalty, i. . those who remove whites were more likely to be sentenced to death than those who murdered blacks. 5) The death penalty is applied at random. Politics, quality of legal counsel and the jurisdiction where a crime is committed are more often the determining factors in a death penalty case than the facts of the crime itself. The death penalty is a lethal lottery of the 22,000 homicides committed every year approximately 150 people are sentenc ed to death. 7) The USA is keeping company with notorious human rights abusers.The vast bulk of countries in Western Europe, North America and South America more than 139 nations worldwide have abandoned capital punishment in law or in practice. The United States remains in the same company as Iraq, Iran and China as one of the major advocates and users of capital punishment. 8) Millions currently spent on the death penalty could be used to assist the families of murder victims. Many family members who have lost love ones to murder feel that the death penalty give not heal their wounds nor will it end their pain the extended process prior to executions can prolong the agony experienced by the family.Funds today being used for the costly process of executions could be used to help families put their lives back together through counseling, restitution, crime victim hotlines, and other operate addressing their needs. 9) Bad Lawyers are a Persistent Problem in Capital Cases Perhaps the most important factor in determining whether a suspect will receive the death penalty is the quality of the representation he or she is provided. Almost all defendants in capital cases cannot afford their own attorneys. In many cases, the ordained attorneys are overworked, underpaid, or lacking the trial experience required for death penalty cases.There have even been instances in which lawyers appointed to a death case were so inexperienced that they were completely unprepared for the sentencing phase of the trial. Other appointed attorneys have slept through parts of the trial, or arrived at the court under the influence of alcohol. 10) Life Without watchword is a Sensible Alternative to the Death Penalty In every state that retains the death penalty, jurors have the excerption of sentencing convicted capital murderers to life in prison without the possibility of parole.The sentence is cheaper to tax-payers and keeps violent offenders off the streets for good. Unlike the d eath penalty, a sentence of Life Without Parole also allows mistakes to be corrected. There are currently over 3,300 people in California who have received this alternative sentence, which also has a more limited appeals process last approximately 3 years. According to the California Governors Office, only seven people sentenced to life without parole have been released since the state provided for this option in 1977, and this occurred because they were able to prove their innocence.

Whistleblowing and the Consequences

Whistleblowing is an act that has become more prevalent in the corporate and private sectors. A whistleblower is described by Liuzzo (2013) as a someone who reveals to a disposalal authority, or to news media, confidential information concerning some wrongdoing or conduct that he or she regards as unethical (p. 28). Some of the just about notable field of studys in United tell aparts history stick out involved corporations, utility companies and the President. Some cases have been so extensive that they have brought intimately(predicate) the prostration of corporate giants and even garnered the resignation of the President prior to his impeachment.The following go forth outline some notable cases, reasons why some spate decide to blow the whistle and steps that the Occupational base hit & Health Administration (OSHA) has taken to secure the rights of those who report violations in the workplace. With greater frequency, essential establishment constituents such as employe es and board members atomic number 18 reporting reappearances of wrongdoing by their companies, instead of the reports coming from impertinent auditing agencies (Mesmer-Magnus & Viswesvaran, 2005, p. 277).Whistleblowing is further defined as, the disclosure by constitution members (former or current) of illegal, im honorable, or illegitimate practices under the control of their employers, to persons or organizations that may be able to effect work on (as cited in Mesmer-Magnus & Viswesvaran, 2005). Companies try to anticipate the mishap of unfaithfulness by demanding employees sign an employment contract or non-disclosure agreement, which would render the disclosure of company business a serious offense. Employees who feel an unjust action is taking place within their organization have dickens channels to approaching to address the issues.An internal channel consists of reporting the offense to company way so that they have the opportunity to research and contend with the o ffense(s). This is the most beneficial to any organization as it allows them to determine solutions and their internal issues stay safeguarded. Instead of long investigations and legal troubles, companies could save thousands of dollars if the employee brings to light an issue internally to management, which provides the information to the people who are beaver able to resolve the situation.Although internal channels are best for organizations, theymay not be the best option for the employee to ensure compliance. External channels would include news media and brass officials. pack who decide to use the external route are considered whistleblowers. Organizations are least likely to welcome this form of disclosure, as their profits will likely plummet eyepatch the bad complot spreads. Some employees go this route without discussing the issues with corporate management because they do not know who to talk to or they feel that their concerns will not be addressed. People also go b ehind their employers back because they are afraid of retaliation and be labeled a trader by co-workers.The use of the articulate whistleblowing actually goes back more than 100 years and had nothing to do with corporate espionage or wrongdoing. The term came about in 1863 in the federal g everywherenments False Claims Act (Eaton & Akers, 2007). The Act was initially enacted to incent consumers to report acts of wrongdoing against the g everywherenment. According to Eaton and Akers (2007), Congress revived the Act in 1986 and retaliation legislation was added. The whistle blower Protection Act of 1989 streng whences the protection for employees who disclose waste and fraud.In 2002, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) was added after the collapse of Enron to hold publicly held corporations accountable for their actions. Whistleblowing statutes may vary from state to state. in that respect are some states that only allow protection to a whistleblower if he or she is a public employee or is working for a government contractor (Whistleblower, 2008). Some statutes allow for only the person blowing the whistle to have protection against employer retaliation, while others allow co-workers that are supporting the whistleblower in their stew protection.This is why it is vital to research the law within the state the injustice occurred. Whistleblowing cases have been steadily increasing year over year since an additional 21 federal laws have been put into place to coincide with the OSH Act 1970. Each law outlines what is considered a discriminatory act and the deadlines around filing a complaint. imputable to the protection that these laws provide, more and more people are coming forward and disclosing issues within their knowledge. OHSA protection means that companies cannot take adverse actions against employees for uncovering the truth (OccupationalSafety & Health Administration, 2012).These actions include, but are not limited to firing, demoting, harassing threats, a nd reducing pay and/or overtime. Constant updates to whistleblowing laws are allowing more industries to outline the rights of those who are thinking about disclosing misdeeds. Violations that are being reported include issues with airline and workplace safety, consumer products, food industry safety, and securities fraud. As of March 31, 2012, OHSA has reported a 139% increase in p.a. reported cases from 2005 through 2011 (Occupational Safety & Health Administration, 2012).During the same period, only 2% of the cases determined were given merit, 22% were settled and the remaining 77% were either fired or withdrawn. These statistics lend credibility to the determination of the people who are blowing the whistle and trying to make the world a safer place for all. Although the constant updates to the laws are beneficial, in come cases anonymity would be advantageous for the whistleblower. The implementation of a whistleblowing policy within companies, organizations and schools is en couraged to avoid damaging public attention and loss of internal morale.The Association of Certified contrivance Examiners compiles data every other year on fraud cases both in the United States and internationally. The 2012 Report to the Nations on Fraud and Abuse provides the following statistics for those organizations surveyed between January 2010 and December 2011 (1) 5% of annual revenues are lost to fraud each year, (2) The medium loss to fraud was $140,000, with one-fifth of the cases involving over $1 million, (3) Most frauds occurred for 18 months before detection, and (4) Most frauds were detected through employee tips (Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, 2012).A 5% loss to fraud each year is cold from an insignificant amount to a company, and the statistic proves that providing employees with guidelines for revealing fraud can save a company thousands of dollars each year. The creation and inception of a whistleblowing policy is a small price to pay for safeguard ing a company against losses to financial and human capital. Whistleblowing happens for a variety of reasons, including identifying corruption, public safety and securities fraud.Sometimes the whistleblower is a broadcast employee of the company brought under scrutiny, while others have inside knowledge of wrongdoings through a working relationship. Although whistleblowing happens all around the world, the United States has had its share of famous cases that brought about new regulations to control further corruption in business dealings. Three cases and their outcomes are 1)In June 1972, a break-in at the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D. C. led to the resignation of the thence current President, Richard M. Nixon.One of the perpetrators was a former CIA operative and a current security advisor to the Presidents re-election campaign. Notebooks containing the phone number for E. Howard Hunt (W. H. ) were found on two of the men, and these clues gave rise to intense media attention ( Woodward, 2005). The United States Senate started an investigation to determine how far reaching the scandal was. A confidential informant, later dubbed Deep throat, provided Washington reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein insight into misdeeds by the President and his advisors.Deep Throat continued to tell Woodward & Bernstein to follow the money until they eventually uncovered the illegal indiscretions misadventure in the White House (Arnold, 2008). On May 31, 2005, Vanity Fair magazine released the announcement that former FBI Associate Director Mark Felt was in fact Deep Throat. Felt was convicted of authorizing illegal FBI searches in 1980 and was later pardoned by President Ronald Reagan. 2)Dr. Jeffrey Wigand, a former vice president and head of research and training for Brown and Williamson, disclosed deceptive practices by tobacco companies in the manipulation of nicotine.He communicated that they knew nicotine was addictive, but failed to act upon it (Arnold, 2008). Jeffrey also insisted that the company ignored research proving that flavoring added to cigarettes caused cancer, along with concealing damaging documents that could be used against them in cases brought by sick patients. Jeffrey considered the whistleblowing a great personal risk to himself and his family but still decided that it was for the give good of people and society for the practice to be exposed (Whistleblower Center, n. d.)Testifying as a master witness, he functioned the formation of the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement that implemented a $246 billion settlement against large tobacco giants. Wigand was fired from his position prior to blowing the whistle, and he described his subsequent harassment in an interview on 60 Minutes in 1996. Becoming a whistleblower had damaging effects on Wigands life, some of which he has overcome after a great many years. He no longer had any privacy, and his reputation was ruined. Death threats against him precluded that he indispensab le around-the-clock bodyguards for several years.His wife divorced him and took his two children to live with her in another state. A critically acclaimed picture titled The Insider was made about his story in 1999 and it highlighted the harassment that he endured. After the movie came out, Jeffrey was in demand to speak at schools and health organizations about the dangers of tobacco and smoking (Salter, 2002). Salter also states that Wigand became a teacher and eventually reconciled with his children. 3)One of the most famous whistleblowing cases in recent history involved the collapse of the energy giant, Enron.Executive Sherron Watkins disclosed extreme accounting irregularities to Enron CEO Kenneth Lay and expressed her concern for the collapse of the company (Arnold, 2008). After Lay did nothing and Watkins was demoted, Enron shares fell to $1 in November 2001 from a mid-2000 high of $90. In their book The Smartest Guys in the Room, McLean and Elkind surmise, The Enron scanda l grew out of a steady accumulation of habits and values and actions that began years before and finally spiraled out of control (2004, pgs.132-133).Deceptive accounting practices hid billions of dollars of debt from failed transactions, and Enron pushed auditors Arthur Anderson to ignore and not report them either. Many of the firms executives were convicted and spent time in prison. The auditing firm of Arthur Anderson was indicted and found guilty in District Court, but the Supreme Court later overturned the conviction. By this time, Andersons reputation had been marred and most of their customers abandoned them. This led to the shutdown of the firm.The lies and deceptions by both Enron and Arthur Anderson helped to create the previously mentioned SOX legislation. Several studies have been done on whistleblowers over the years to determine the motivation behind their actions. While results seem to differ slightly across studies, whistleblowers (as compared with inactive observers ) tend to have good job performance, to be more highly educated, to hold higher-level or supervisory positions, to score higher on tests of moral reasoning, and to value whistleblowing in the face of unethical behavior (as cited in Mesmer-Magnus & Viswesvaran, 2005).This information indicates that someone with a lot of responsibility in an organization will have the knowledge of unethical, internal practices. A person of high moral judgment is more likely to turn in a company for violating various laws and standards, than someone who is okay with cutting corners to keep him employed. Before becoming a whistleblower, a person must have absolute certainty that a protected Act is being violated. The OSHA website contains a list of the Acts and their descriptions to determine which one is being breached. It will also provide the type of communication for the complaint (i.e. telephone or writing. )Adherence to the guidelines is important to ensure that protection coverage is available in the case of retaliation by an employer. In addition, weighing the many pros and cons before making a decision to blow the whistle on a company or organization is vital. Whistleblowing should not be taken lightly, and the decision should be carefully thought out. Aggressive documentation of the issues and conversations with company management is extremely important. Researching which authority to approach is highly imperative.Although law protects whistleblowers, they sometimes will incur job loss, harassment, intimidation and even loss of property or life while pursuing the issue and resolution. Long, drawn-out court cases can lead to a loss of income and notoriety. Lengthy investigations can lead to secret personal issues becoming known. Lots of support from family and friends is needed during an investigation because the intense scrutiny can break down a persons will. A person needs to be certain that they are prepared for an onslaught from the government and media prior to proce eding with their disclosure.Conversely, whistleblowing will give a person a moral sense of pride. Standing up for what you conceptualize in will show people that you are not afraid to fight for what is right. Whistleblowers may also be looked upon as trustworthy since they are flavour out for the welfare of others. Sometimes it is possible to obtain reward sums of money from the government for uncovering injustices. Lastly, if a whistleblower is unjustly retaliated against, they may obtain financial remedies from their companies for retaliation.A recent tax fraud case against the Swiss bank USB AG awarded the whistleblower a record $104 million reward provided by the United State Internal Revenue Service (Temple-West & Browning, 2012). In a rare case like this, the whistleblower spent time in prison for his wrongdoing, but then was handsomely rewarded for turning in his employer for promoting an illegal act. People have deeply personal reasons for blowing the whistle. Some may se e it as a safety concern, while others who have participated in illegal acts have had a guilty conscience that they want to unburden.Hundreds of cases are reported, dismissed and/or won each year with the help of OSHA. Being a whistleblower is not something to be taken lightly as many questions must be raised before proceeding with the act. many laws have made it easier for people to come forward when they witness misdeeds by those in charge, but knowing history and potential outcomes prior to voicing concerns will enable a person to deal with the backlash. Having good moral judgment and standing up for what you believe in will allow a person to live their life with few worries and a clear conscience.

Which is more effective in fighting crime, knowledge?

Sociologists, in an attempt to explain and point out the reasons behind delinquency, have concluded that there are connections in the midst of specific youth behaviors with the home environment, family background, the neighborhood, associations, and mevery other aspects that together, or separately affect the formative years of young peoples social environment. run-down children usually come from a background of difficult circumstances. Parental alcoholism, poverty, breakdown of family, abusive conditions in the home, death of parents during armed conflicts or drug overdose, and the HIV/ back up scourge, and etc. are some of the various reasons that can leave children virtually orphaned.One or both parents may be physically present, but because of irresponsibility on their part (if even one of them is addicted to drugs or alcoholic), a child may grow developing certain ways and attitudes that are necessitately/indirectly caused by the parent/s addiction or drug-related behavior. I n this case, true delinquency lies on the parents and the children are, in a way, orphaned or unaccompanied, and without any instrument of subsistence which, in the first place, the parents fundamental responsibility to provide. Generally, and increasingly, these children are born and/or raised without a father.They are first in the line of those who are at greatest risk of falling into juvenile delinquency. Without noticing it as it is typical of any youth to be lacking in prudence, with newly embraced group, the gang, a corresponding subculture starts to plunge them, and before long, they start to engage in activities of adult criminal groups. It is usually after being engaged in criminal activities for an extended period of clock time with its accompanying consequences (such as ending up in prison or rehabilitation institutions for drug addicts) that delinquents realize they are into a very dangerous zone.A enceinte portion of all juvenile violations (between two-thirds and t hree-quarters) are perpetrated by youths who are members of certain gangs (Venkatesh, 1997). Unlike in school and their family, these have no strict rules to be followed nevertheless loyalty to the group. It gives young people esteem when they somehow feel they are the rule in themselves. This is the lure of gangs. It gives the promise of fulfillment to would be delinquents. Popularity, access to the healthy figures on the streets, freedom to express ones self, as well as easy flow of money (if the gang is also involved in some illegal activities such as drug dealings, which is common in most gangs) are seemingly within grasp of anybody who just have the anchor to dare (OJJDP, Mar. 2003).Children who are well taken care of by their parents and are thus adequately supervised are at less odds to be involved in criminal activities. Studies have proven that. A dysfunctional family, on the other hand, which is commonly characterized by regular conflicts, parental negligence, poor con verse because of absorption to outside activities by parents, are always assumed to be the breeding ground for delinquents (Venkatesh, 1997).Studies on Risk versus Protective FactorsAn insightful paper nimble by Resnick describes the theoretical viewpoint that risk and protective factors are two things that may mirror each other. Risk factors like low pedantic consummation increases the possibility of child or youths involvement in activities that may harm themselves and others while protective factors such as high academic performance increases the likelihood also of the individual committing enmity against another.These factors reside in an individual and that a disproportion of one especially the risk factors over the other indicates a caution or warning the person may traverse in a direction which may foster a tendency to exhibit aggression or violent behavior. In the study, identifying these balance or imbalance within individuals may help reduce the occurrence of school w ildness by early on detection of symptoms thus, interventions may be employed coming from various strategic points like the home, and the school and the community (Resnick, 2004).According to the Laub (1998), the home and the school are milieus that importantly direct the development of aggression or violence. Aggression at home significantly reflects what may eventually occur as aggression or violence in school, though not always. Male students attack peers or other male students. In addition, teachers are hurt either by verbal abuse, physical wound or threats of aggression. Fights that commonly occur in the campuses relate to possession of toys, equipment and/or territory, about retaliation, & rules of games (Laub, 1998).Nature of Violence or AggressionFrom very early, the oxygen of the criminals life is to assay excitement by doing the forbidden.-S.SamenowA radical turn from the contemporary to classical rationalizations on violent behavior equivalent to possessing a criminal mind, Stanton Samenow offered a quite brush point of view based on what he calls errors of thinking. Whereas years spent in studying and treating adolescence clinical disorders, he had leaned upon the understanding that adolescents, criminal behavior and/or violence in general have social determinants as a major factor, this change of mind was brought about by a collaborative litigate with another practitioner Dr. Yochelson (Genre,http//www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/samenow.htm).An elevated fear on the occurrence of violence in school is expectedly high not only because of what happened in Virginia Tech of late this is because other forms of aggression or violent acts committed by students have not changed instead, increased in number among campuses today. In an excellent study by Jaana, the author specifically isolated these acts as becoming the source of fear for the average students to experience anytime during their school lives.The study reveals that suburban schools ar e also profiled as becoming unsafe these days. These violent activities can be in the form of physical attack for no apparent reason or provocation, fights without using any weapon, pilfering, breaking and entering school property, and vandalism. In addition, victimization occurs, in the manner of students stealing property of another (e.g., books etc.), being threatened because of racial or ethnic difference, bullying, and threats of injury to teachers and not only to students among others (Jaana, 2001 in http//www.ncdjjdp.org/cpsv/Acrobatfiles/statistics_2008.pdf).ReferenceGenre, C.T. 2007. Stanton SamenowThe Criminalpersonality). Retrieved may 6, 2008Laub, J.H., & Lauritsen, J.L. (1998). The Interdependence of School Violence with Neighborhood and Family Conditions. In D.S. Elliott, B. Hamburg, & K.R. Williams (Editors), Violence in American Schools A in the buff Perspective, (pp. 127- 155). New York, NYCambridge University Press. Retrieved May 6, 2008from the Center for th e Study and Prevention of ViolenceJaana, 2001 in Selected School and Youth violence statistics. Department of Juvenile arbitrator and Delinquency Prevention (DJJDP).Retrieved May 6, 2008. http//www.ncdjjdp.org/cpsv/Acrobatfiles/statistics_2007.pdfVenkatesh, S. The social organization of street gang activity in an urban ghetto, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 103, No. 1, July 1997, pp. 82-111.Yochelson, Samuel & Stanton Samenow. The Criminal Personality. N.Y. Jason Aronsen, 1976, 1977, 1986._____Accessed Retrieved May 6, 2008. _______ 2007. Selected School and Youth violence statistics. Department of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (DJJDP). Retrieved May 6, 2008 http//www.ncdjjdp.org/cpsv/Acrobatfiles/statistics_2007.pdf_______OJJDP, Mar. 2003. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Insti tute of Justice, and the Office for Victims of Crime. Retrieved May 6, 2008.

Defining 18th Century Gender Roles

The Renaissance spirit of inquiry renewed the debate about the role of wo manpower in society, a theme, which resonated in the visual arts of the era. Tradition exclusivelyy, chastity, compliance, delicacy and reservation were the qualities ascribed to a truly virtuous young-bearing(prenominal), whom was essentially excluded from a original participation in society. Scholars and painters alike glorified male power and achievement in the favorable sphere, while the greatest female accomplishment lay in obedience, rather than intellectual pursuits.Artemisia Gentileschi, was one of the first female artists to challenge the traditional monopoly over the unresisting female ideal, as her life and art redefined feminine accomplishment in terms of the conventional masculine standards of achievement. Many have thus interpreted Artremesia as a pioneer of modern feminism however, the legitimacy of this assertion is questionable. One of her closely infamous paintings, Judith Beheading Holo fernes, provides taste into the consequences of her bold confrontation with conventional female gender limitations.The piece explicitly depicts two heroic female subjects imbued with traditionally masculine characteristics. The women are thus afforded a position of power, which would have otherwise been remote to them. While, Gentileschi thus succeeds in creating a feminine power outlet, in her depiction of Judith and her maidservant, she markedly fails to acknowledge a feminine virtue which is unique and distinct from the traditional masculine ideal.Artremesias painting does courageously challenge the conventional societal perception of the feminine role, however, her prescribed solution undermines the validity of the feminine perspective, as it asserts that greatness is achieved through a possession of solely masculine virtues. In view of the fact that Artremesias work, undercuts the legitimacy of feminine achievement, it should consequently be denied recognition as early femini st art. This es adduce lead provide an in depth critical analysis of Atremesia Genteleschis Judith Beheading Holofernes in spite of appearance the context of the painters particular life great deal.Firstly, the archetypes of eighteenth century femininity and masculinity leave alone be explicitly defined, in order to determine the influence such social pressures had on women of this era. Atremesias biography will then be placed at bottom the context of the prevailing gender roles, as an illustration of her unique confrontation with the patriarchal societal structure of her day. Finally, an evaluation of, Judith Beheading Holofernes, will shed insight into Gentileschis artistic challenge of traditional feminine ideals, as well as her ultimate failure to acknowledge the value of a purely feminine perspective. delimit 18th Century Gender Roles fit in to Bridget Hills Anthology of S horizontalteenth Century Women the characteristics generally attributed to the ideal muliebrity of Gentileschis era were modesty, restraint, passivity, compliance, submission and most important of all chastity. (17) These recognized social views were widely circulated and espoused, and would have thus been tremendously difficult to ignore or challenge. Accordingly, The vast majority of middle class women unquestioningly conformed to the role charge to them(3)The first significant characteristic of the feminine ideal, worthy of discussion is that of restraint and modesty, as this trait necessitated an alienation of women from the social sphere, and even themselves. Proper ladies were expected to empty public attention, and conversation in a social setting. Moreover, it was indelicate for women to have to view their own naked bodies, just as all references to bodily functions and even pregnancy were taboo. (17) The following passage constitutes a primary account of a fathers advice to his daughter concerning the importance of modesty to the female temperamentOne of the chief bea uties in a female character is that modest reserve, that retiring delicacy, which avoids the public eye, and is disconcerted even at the gaze of admiration When a girl ceases to blush, she has lost the most powerful charm of beauty That modesty, which I think is so essential in your sex, will course dispose you to rather silent telephoner, especially a large one. (19) The feminine ideal of modesty and restraint thus primarily confined women to the private sphere of social relations, allowing them little to no voice in public reality.The influence of women within the private or domestic sphere was also muted by the subsequent feminine virtue of submission and compliance. According to the constraints of this womanly asset, a virtuous wife would have been expected to obey her married man, while allowing him the originatority to harmoniously govern his household. She who marries ought to lay it down for an indisputable maxim, that her husband must govern absolutely and entirely, and s he has nothing else to do but please and obey.She must not attempt to divide his authority, or so much as dispute it, to struggle with her yoke will only make it gall more, but must believe him to be wise and just and in all respects best, at least he must be so to her. She who cant do this is in no way fit to be a wife. (20) The forego passage illustrates the limitation of control, which women of this time period were expected to contend with (even within the private sphere of social influence). As, all of the decisions of the virtuous wife were expected to be in concurrence with her husbands asserted authority.Finally, the most important feminine asset was considered to be that of chastity. The particular significance of this virtue was grounded in the fact that men were considered naturally un- chaste, and unable to control their passions. Women were thus, responsible for the preservation of their innocence, and the up holding of sexual moral values. Additionally, as the followi ng quote explicitly indicates, the social consequence incurred by a loss of honor was often drastic. A woman who has lost her honor imagines that she cannot fall lower, and as for recovering her former station, it is impossible no lather can wash the stain away.Losing thus every spur, and having no other means of support, prostitution becomes her only refuge, and the character is quickly depraved by circumstances over which the poor wretch has little power, unless she possesses an uncommon portion of sense and loftiness of spirit (30) Conversely, the eighteenth century masculine ideal, according to John Tosh, author of A Mans Place could be associated with the specific attributes of reason, authority and resolve. (47) The public sphere of social relations and intellectual endeavourers was thus designated as the realm traditionally, and justly henpecked by the influence of men.The following quote spoken by a women of the time, suggests that this conception of masculinity was embrace d by both men and women alike Let men enjoy in peace and triumph the intellectual kingdom which is theirs, and which, doubtless, was intended for them(47) Biography Artemisia Gentileschis, life blatantly challenged the passive feminine ideal, as she achieved recognition in the male-dominated world of post-Renaissance art by disregarding traditional gender precepts.Laura York, author of The Spirit of Ceaser and his Majestys servant The Self Fashioning of Woman artists in Early new(a) Europe thus, defines Gentileschi as, no ordinary artist and no ordinary woman. She is one of handful of female professional painters in Baroque Italy, who created a successful life story in the competitive, masculine world of seventeenth century artistic patronage. In the process, she constructed a self identity virtually unknown in her time the woman artist(1-2) Atremesia was born in 1593 to Prudentia Montone and her husband, noted painter Orazio Gentileschi.Orazio exposed his daughter to art at an ea rly age, and supported her artistic development by providing her with a formal education normally denied to women of her time. As, she would have been unable to join guilds or study with various kick ined masters, Artremesias training with her father, was her only chance for a real apprenticeship. Although Orazio kept his daughter confined to the house, according to the custom among respectable Romans of the time, the Gentileschi domicile also functioned as his studio, with its constant traffic of models, colleges and patrons. Such company allowed Artemisia contact with galore(postnominal) influential male artists, yet it also fueled rumors that marred her reputation.On May 6, 1611, gossip turned to real injury. Having entrusted his 17 year old daughters inadvertence to a family friend, Orazio was away from the house when his business associate and fellow painter, Agostino Tassi entered the home and raped Artremesia. At the time, rape was viewed more as a crime against a familys honor than as a violation of a woman. The virtual lack of a legal identity in women, often made it very difficult, if not impossible, to obtain any redress for wrongs committed against them. (137) Thus, only when the married Tassi reneged on his promise to marry Atrmesia did Orazio bring charges against him. In the ensuing eight- month trial, Artremesia testified that she was painting when Tassi came into the way shouting, Not so much painting, not such much painting. He ten grabbed the palette and brushes from her hands and threw them to the floor.She fought and scratched to no avail, finally attacking him with a knife. To establish her truthfulness, authorities administered a primitive lie detector test in the form of torture by thumbscrews, a common practice of the time. As the stack were tightened around her fingers, she was said to have cried out to Tassi, this is the ring you give me, and these are your promises. She must have passed the test Tassi was convicted and senten ced to five- year banishment from Rome (a punishment simply never enforced).Soon afterwards Artemisia married a well born but debt ridden young Florentine painter named Pierantonio Stiattesi and moved to Florence with him. There in the company of luminaries such as Galileo Galilei and Michelangelo Buonarroti, she entered upon a career that would have been the envy of most male contemporaries. Gentileschi rebelled against the dominant model of passive womanhood by cultivating an image of herself as strong, active, intellegent and powerful. Traits, which would have been considered as masculine to the seventeenth century mind.The following striking statement, uttered by Artemisia herself provides revealing insight into her perception of self. I will say no more, except what I have on my mind, that I think Your Most Illustrious Lordship will not surlier any loss with me, and that you will figure the spirit of a Ceaser in the soul of a woman. (4) Gentileschis appropriation of Ceasers m asculine spirit, distances herself from all other woman of her time. Artremesia, does not acknowledge any value within her perception of feminity, and thus choses to conform to traditionally masculine ideals.