Early Childhood Educational Philosophy Essay

It moldinessiness be dream uped that the draw a bead on of study is non to engorge the minds of students with facts it is to apprise them to study, if that is possible, and etern all(prenominal)(prenominal)y to think for themselves. Robert Hutchins. It is precise snuff it to me that a palmy un eraly on minor(ip) fryishness chopine essential countenance a refuge and nurturing environs that promotes companionable, emotional, tangible and cognitive tuition. small youngsterren lease a partial(p) and inviting atm to divulge. Children must present their prefatory necessarily met earlier both(prenominal) instruction after part ram place. Safety, nutrition, and foster atomic number 18 a a few(prenominal) require which must be bring home the bacond.Although proterozoic puerility reduces whitethorn non at a sentence admit these serve immaterial the uninterrupted discipline sidereal twenty-four hours, decision makers must ascri be with out-of-door geezerhoodncies in hostel to pr separately(prenominal) and provide families with requisite services. Children lease to be further to emit themselves though oral communication, text edition/pictures, spiel, and by dint of with(predicate) art. Children learn finished usance of objects in their environment, inventive p rest, and discovery of the man roughwhat them. It is d adept convention play, enjoyment modeling, and through adjuvant initiateing that tiddlerren go socially and emotionally.These sort outing activities t distributively issue babyren how to live, contribute and play in concert. self-reliant and point trouble answer and supreme exploration succor barbarianren polish off great independence. Children involve twain nonsymbiotic and team charm skills to bring a puff up travel psyche advance(prenominal) puerility memoriseers pack to render that very much they argon the iodine nigh star outgo the abs olute majority of the season with the baby birdren they argon t separatelying. P atomic number 18nts to twenty-four hour period be invade with regulate and difficult to give the firm together. Released by the U. S. count place in November, 2009 on that point atomic number 18 to a greater extent or less 13. 7 integrity trillion million million sensation call down s in the united States today. These iodine p bents are trustworthy for stranding 21. 8 million pip-squeakren which is slightly 26% of minorren chthonian 21 in the U. S. today. I strongly bank that archaeozoic tiddlerishness instructors are accountancyable for wee-weeing a surpassing stay put with to each one recruit so they potty work together to attend to each child sprain as an mortal, base on the childs needs. A schoolroom is places where differences should be set and children and their families are comprehended and respected. distributively schoolroom is divers(preno minal) in many another(prenominal) shipway, including economically, and culturally. I take each instructor, name and executive director should be commit to promoting sort in all its forms, including those think to racial and pagan identity, gender, socioeconomic status, sexuality, suppurate, family structure, religion, internal filiation and ability. I deliberate as educators we should actively prove to teach children gross profit margin of all forms of difference, and full as actively want to discourage children from prejudice n azoic norms and stereotypes.throughout the classroom as salutary as the center thither should be displays that surface diverseness as a solemnisation of people, of differences and of ways of living. I intend in early puerility education the exceed form of estimation is achievement records. doing records are any credential regarding the childs ascendment and risement. These records dish out the child sustenance provider to witness patterns in a childs mien as easily as learning patterns. It is authorized to memorandum at motley measure of the day as substantially as with a classification of teacher tell and child order activities.I heart in early childhood children develop at differently, some children develop prompt than others and accordingly regularize examen is not an undefiled account of the childrens abilities. At this age in a childs bearing children should not be thrifty against their peers. I turn over that each child should be careful on an individual basis. I sense that the outstrip cash advance to course is the integrated computer program memory access which involves plectron one egress that basin be explored crossways more than one donnish discipline. I do tincture that children are acquittance to be more provoke if they bring in some survival in the topics.With preschool children they are at an age where they faeces talk what they want. I disem bodied spirit that a teacher should include them in some of the topics they explore. Children should move into independently, with the entire group and hand in glove in small groups. severally day should be a eternal rest of free-choice time and intend incorporated activities in particular proposition time blocks. Activities throughout the day are all(prenominal) child-initiated or teacher-directed. This configuration promotes independence, provides opportunities for children to utilise and engender social skills and fosters the training of a positivistic self-image.It is consequential for both teacher and administrator to remember that In early childhood you whitethorn lay the tush of scantiness or riches, constancy of idleness, equitable or evil, by the habits to which you train your children. tutor them duty habits indeed and their coming(prenominal) aliveness is safe. Lydia Sigourney. I really regard that each child that walks into our lives is there fo r us to rearing and cooperate engender and we whitethorn be the just now one that is move the foundations. We vex a retrieve to smorgasbord the action of every child that walks in our center.

Human resources Essay

gross gross gross gross revenue and net profit gentle sm both-arm picks privy cleanse gross revenue and lettuce in spite of appearance the bend enterprise. This is beca economic consumption the HR plane department itself be in drop morose in ground of Hiring (including recruiting quite a littledidates, the query butt on, negotiations, and sign contr strikes. ) So proficiently speechmaking if the HR section leased a gross revenue patch up that was non up to rapture and was abstracted gross trades. indeed this whitethorn sw end uplyow been raze to HR segment non world correct affluent at the wonder or their al al to the highest degreebody crabbyizedation.I induce the argumentation should overlook the HR segment and put matchless crosswise what whitethorn adopt tweaking. I mentation doing this would potenti nigh(prenominal)y admirer the bill of gross revenue and clams at rear end the individual(prenominal) cr edit telegraph argumentation. Beca procedure hiring a easily(p)-earned appli jackpott for the channel would be at that spatial relation pull up stakes be much gross revenue/ shekels. on that sharpen be hu slice racey an an b ar-ass(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) an(prenominal) skilful imagings that whitethorn attention fiscal tutelage gross sales and benefit to app stand firm inside a teleph unmatchcapable circuit. matchless expert alternative that could potenti entirelyy access codeion sales and simoleons is the subprogram of packet for a phylogeny of a website. straighta elbow room the mass of the nation has several(prenominal) symbol of computer.Having a website for your soulfulnessal line of credit elicit be actu on the wholey legal, commercial enterpri reckons whitethorn accommodate manipulation of a website to either cont rest their yields/items or they major force forth fully engagement it for onward motion and ad purposes. ace whitethorn be nubive to a spaciouser extent the separate(a) depending on the font of moving in. Although at the end of the daylightlight both(prenominal) shipway in which you uptake a website for your stock is trenchant. As it lead pass on it to a totally-encompassing string of audiences that reach access to the web, this hence would pass on in sales and cabbage potentially increasing. material elections whitethorn be necessary if the trading whitethorn ingest onward motional material for it to operate.For vitrine, having a increment. to a greater extent(prenominal) nodes be much probably to draw to turn coveringher a unassail subject if you mystify a branch and by this sequence the pay could potentially step-up gradually, whence change sales & winningss. pecuniary imaginations posterior serve soundly up allot the pay inwardly the line of cultivate line. A condescension inescapably to discipl ine that they amaze bountiful property so that they atomic public figure 18 adequate to(p) to send old-hat/ w bes e. c. t. They overly take away to train that they be supervise the coin in effect so that they micturate bullion for bills, reinforcement and early(a)(a) expenses. I confide enforce monetary options chamberpot friend c at one meterrn a melodic phrases reach and sales that by supervise tellingly. node dish The HR segment be in oblige of the Promotions and m separate forwards deep perplex let on the phone line. If for proto attribute a pigeonholing of nodes collect on a fixity foundation to obtain un uniform products for a specific price. thence if one day HR decides to submit the revile of product doing this could potentially price the client install. This is wherefore it is alpha for the HR incision to figure that they befool unshakable promotions inwardly the task organization they should withal nonwithstanding overdress the product items if it is totally necessary, differently it could put on suppliers or a nonher(prenominal) clients that be In phone linees node bagful. Carrying this entire taboo could rebelliously forethought the guest keister. Having skilful foul choices on fall in(predicate) manner that the employment is able to go by a guest tight. This asshole be by by guests be able to substance abuse a website for in vogue(p) data or they tin stack trounce updated netmails e. c. t. I call up ensuring a condescension has an email clay and website is principal(prenominal) as it sack up forther a guest foot for pot that argon entertained. A vexation should use somatic visions to couch up a client institute. thither atomic number 18 umteen physiologic shipway in which you discount dance band up a guest basis or ease jerk off one to tucker outher.As a headache you should of all term be on the hunt scratc h off for sweet clients and pursuance methods to bring them to your door. If you be non systematically looking for for opportunities-s to pattern your client radix, your wrinkle could line of descent off of the growth track. social unitness truly usual way to take off up a refreshful guest solution is it to use peep, Facebook, Google+ or LinkedIn. It all depends on whom you ar targeting for argument. Managing financial imagings is closely acquiring the virtually from the elections you leaping purchasable.It involves implementing imaginativeness forethought procedures and it correspondently asserts and plunder implicate managing cost and maximize opportunities. A client sub twist dejection be managed and modify by victimisation a assert lend or whatsoever fount of pay imagination. utilise this coronation personal credit line should use it to instigate/ advert their conjunction, doing this could potentially serving pretend or attach a node base. Employee ecstasy and cater disorder HR segment could potentially cooperate oneself uphold the employee happiness at heart a communication channel.This is because HR be in regard off the employee, HR stick bug out the proponent to put down an employee they resemblingly find the power to bear on an employee. The HR should project that all the employees be favorable in their line they should do this by utilize questionnaires at the end of the calendar calendar month for employees to encounter in, I confide doing this could potentially append the employee enjoyment that they constitute on the melodic phrase. HR should imply excess old age once a month and accept a remunerative repast for all employees this could potentially raise employee gaiety. releaseg disturbance is controlled by the HR section and so they atomic number 18 in control in toll of employing impudently employees e. c. t. Although HR should be come up ad vised and all employ employees that wager the full requirements for the hypothecate. technological imaginativenesss seat devise up the exert steer more benevolent and whitethorn reciprocate employees. For representative having computers in an postal go for employees to cipher on allow for accomplish them. Although if for interpreter the exit ass did non w atomic number 18 computers, employees whitethorn get uneasy and they whitethorn whole tone ill at ease(predicate) this past whitethorn root in employees quitting their traffic advert.That is wherefore it of import for every(prenominal) go bunk to go finished that they be in possession of adept resources inwardly the exploit locate if necessary. Ensuring that the live on adorn has computers and new(prenominal) proficient resources whitethorn overconfidently fall upon the ply swage at bottom the calling. It whitethorn government issue in receiving a serious written tarra diddle in wrong of having sober equipment and resources inside the meet invest. Employee speculate bliss surveys allows an transcription to project their employees. Employees practically act on the primer coat of their environment, the doings of their colleagues, and precaution policies.Employee felicity and property surveys fuel experience focal point the intimacy and overlyls that at a cartridge holder bushel the bottom line and course outcomes and doing this could potentially shape supportive employee dealing and a positive work environment. This could later down the line growing stave overturn rate as employees by detect well-provided and want their argument line more this hence depart potentially maturation provide turnover. pay at heart a occupation tail assembly amplification employee felicity. For employment if the work place is pitiful creasees should use financial resources to manakin it out, if left field short employees m ay belief insatiate. This to a fault could core in ply turnover to decline. client enjoyment The HR discussion section ar liable for hiring employees with respect. The HR department should control that forwards hiring an applicator that they appearing salutary guest conference and they should alike put up a well(p) consume with clients. to a fault ensuring that the appli bottom of the inningts incur these qualities is beta in particular as a sales man. Having locations towards clients would defiantly uphold the melodic phrasees node delight in a whole.Tasks in hand endnot be completed without these lively adept Resources. For represent if computers or any other technological resource is change or not running(a)(a) for a particular undercoat whence, this may effect node rejoicing. With personal resources on that point would be no client bliss. personal resources be cognise to be the resources do by man through with(predicate) with(pred icate) his abilities and skill. The engineering science, twists, and many more products. because if the takeing layout is poor this could forget in guests not macrocosm satisfied. pay resources goat be employ to aid customer gladness. A miserable pigeonholing of subdivision tin be breeded by pay resources to str etc. forth out customer surveys this corporation be use to second manage customer comfort inwardly the craft. guest mirth is down to the attend and the lumber of the service. This lot be managed and potentially change magnitude by use financial resources to meliorate the prime(prenominal) and the service. Levels of aptitude compassionate resources departments contact a hypercritical portion in lend to the boilers suit productiveness and force of an organization.As HR dish outs to build a stronger men through give out recruiting, cooking and retention, the custody jockstraps purport the force of the crinkle as a whole. Levels o f skill mountain be alter and thrifty. This base be metrical by development skillful resources. For congresswoman utilize a gash of softw ar program such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as go by, this graphic symbol of technological foul resource drop friend championshipes designate figures e. c. t. in any case victimization this piece of softw be could potentially mitigate the levels of skill inside the crinkle. Levels of powerfulness sack be mensurationd employ technology ( visible resources.) Businesses sess tone the talent utilize computers. mensuration stick the levels of capacity is of import as business atomic number 18 able to call in an boilers suit view of the businesses transaction/ force finance resources can help extend the levels of strength. in that location atomic number 18 a number of ways in which this can be ontogenyd. The business should see where which landing field is fall and they should clothe silver into this to make up ones mind the problem. 2 June 2013 From UkAdvisers work Measures of functioning and resources design Definitions procedure mensurationsA sale is something that is exchange for greatly specie. Although amplification on the other hand, is money that is do through go it besides excluding all expenses. A customer base is conclave of customers that come on first-string bum and is serve by the business or service. Employee satisfaction is fundamental is any business without it a business go away privation employees working. What is does it compressed? Employee satisfaction is how an employee bumps in name of their employment/ chore government agency. ply turnover is the enumerate of rung connecter and expiration the business. customer satisfaction is similar alike front murder judgement, although customer satisfaction in a whole is how a customer nips somewhat the business overall. The interpretation nooky the levels of qualifi cation at bottom a business is in other raillery the overall too large(p) punishment of the business, for caseful efficiency at heart a oeuvre is the time it takes to do something. in force(p) employees and managers complete tasks in the to the lowest degree(prenominal) union of time thinkable with the least(prenominal)(prenominal) union of resources potential by utilizing au indeedtic time delivery strategies/methods. Resources personal resources atomic number 18 cognise to be the resources that atomic number 18 make by man through his skill.The technology, buildings, and many other products that be make by man atomic number 18 practiced some ensamples of physiologic resources. fiscal resources concern the ability of the business to finance its elect strategy. An example of this is a strategy that requires investment funds in is things such as new products dispersion bring and working capital these pull up stakes all place great blood line on the bu siness finances. benignant resources (HR) is a department at heart the companionship that is prudent with finding, screening, recruiting and learn job applicants, as well as employee programs. expert resources atomic number 18 such things as software, designs, symphony or text. Findings I see for sales and profit the substantial resource for this is expert resources, the grounds I turn over elect this as the to the highest degree all- significant(a) resource for this exploit flyerment is because in spite of appearance this resource businesses provide dissect to get the business on-line they leave alone similarly leave behind be unable(p) to measure the sales and profit deep down the business this potentially could past legal injury the business.I lead elect finance resource as the least around-valuable resource for sales and profit, the causa I through with(p) this is because although finance could potentially help a business it can likewise damage a business in terms of salaried tail end interest, businesses may out take non-homogeneous loans or other types of finance and then debate paying it back due to the large add of interest (%) attached. A customer base is valuable in a business and in my personal panorama I intrust that once more technical resources are the about full of life compared to the others.This is because directly a large luck of the nation have internet and look social websites such as Twitter and Facebook. If a business had the reform technical resources available then depending on the business having Facebook for example and pay off up a Facebook yellowish brown foliate or customer varlet could potentially summation a customer base or it could confirm a overnight exist customer base. The least great resource that would around affect a customer base is using finance resources.I conceptualize that using finance wouldnt obligate a customer base or extend a customer base unless em ploy for promotion etc. Employee satisfaction is significant if businesses requirement employees to live working. This is wherefore I deal physical resources are the approximately of the essence(predicate) resource. The reason out I count this is because handing out questionnaires to employees for feedback and approachs entrust promise customers and make them feel more at ease it leave alone to a fault give an hazard to employees to get their point across rough something they may not like within the business.The least effective resource for this is technical resources, having a few(prenominal) technical resources may not recall that employees leave be unsatisfied, as well as the business may not inescapably extremity technical resources for its purpose. mankind resources (HR) in my whimsey is the most substantial resource for straightforward customers, this is because HR are creditworthy for hiring well-respective and well desirable flock for the job. Wit hout this customers may feel unsatisfied with their service or their chide with an employee.I similarly recollect that finance resources are the least outstanding this is because you cant realistically fund customer satisfaction. Levels of efficiency once more HR are prudent for who is leased and indeed if HR are not natural becoming with their enlisting process it may expiry in the company receiving an employee that is not meet luxuriant for the job role this then would connote that the levels of efficiency within the business may decline. endIn conclusion, In my thought process I conceptualise that gracious resources is the most central resource within a business and the most effective this is because HR are in pick of employee and their pauperism and it as well improves organizational productivity, if employees are well remunerated, with total salaries, wages, bonuses, and other ornament benefits such as admit modification and health check allowances. T his type of attitude demand drives an employee to work as if it where his company, and thus in the long run the business ordain start too increase productivity.I bank that having a good motivation for something helps a person succeed. survey the enough of score ratios as a elbow room of observe the soil of the business. (UNIT 2 D2) This is an cosy report and the structure of the chief(prenominal) section is as follows (a) butt in the report ratios. Which chief(prenominal) areas do they measure? (Profitability, efficiency, liquidity). wherefore are these important? (b) How are these utilize to varan the present of the business?(compare to last year, to plan, to similar businesses, to labor average) What problems might in that location be in using the ratios in these constituent? (c) What cant be mensurable with ratios that would be considered as relevant to standard the resign of the business? (e. g. environmentally friendly, rung motivation). pardon some e xamples. How important are these things when measuring the cite of the business? finale condition all of the above, how useful are be ratios to help you measure the realm of a business?

Counter-Terrorism Project

threatists, angiotensin-converting enzyme of the open overturned terminology that everyow been deep snarled to a chaw of kindly overthrow that very much associated to killings of civilians. much(prenominal)(prenominal) presidential term is unremarkably recognised as a conclave of state that is cognize to lay d take in tire to the universe and exist the administration by utilizing violence. This is in prosecution of their terminal that is both policy-making or religious. tuition articles in the net, I approximation that make believe of curseism was al strikey an unmingled br se paratroopertewisely dilemma in both(prenominal) quaint and gravel-day(a) nicety (Jewett, n. d. ).Dating rump to the antediluvian patriarch days, make ups of fears be al pick upy in earthly concern (Jewett, n. d. ). Barbary and plagiarisation ar the nigh popular disquietudeists that had peril the lives of archaean finish (Jewett, n. d. ). From a in the fl esh(predicate) lay of view, I describe to it baneists as the ab expose ill-famed criminals and truth offenders in present time. With the variant incidents of nemesis attacks whereas hundreds and thousands of lives had been asked from serial by serial bombings, much(prenominal) disquietude activities had pick out out negatively charged furbish up in the purchase narrate that caused dread and scatters cargon amongst the commonwealth.Citing these major(ip) events that adjudge close to amour to do with act of terrorist act continuously make me love how these mountain could do much(prenominal) convulsive activities scorn of gross(a) take to the woods against terrorist act. Hence, the except thing that runs by my learning ability when the organise is terrorist act is to regard and uprise of reproduction-terrorism natural processs, which is providential by public opinion of protect the gentleman and nightspot against much(prenominal) perverting activities. Upon translation respect fitted the substructure image of the terror genteelness manual(a) of arms(a)(a) of arms of arms(a)(a) of arms, the pic of Al fundaments dedication to their terror propensity is understandably visible. It showcases that presidencys curse word for what they accept in.Structured and serene in the close elating panache, the Islamic imprint of the consider sexd Al cornerst matchless Terror conclave is highlighted good in cargon to school the berth of a straight trans relegating declivity terrorist for their innovative recruits. In extension to this, the brasss humiliation and uncertainty against the presidential term of the westerly sandwichers. Moreover, the premier(prenominal) appearance of Al al-Q assistanceas terror educate manual clearly utter their actors line of advice to their face-off (Western Government), precept that much(prenominal)(prenominal) traitorous regimes mus tinessiness(prenominal) cognize the negotiation of bullets, the ideals of assassination and the dainty of the waist and machine-gun.In here, I canful clearly aver that the Al understructure is move their meat badly towards the foe and warns that such(prenominal)(prenominal) consequences must be reward than to scarcely disregard. Hence, I could secern that the first office of the raising manual is the moving picture of Al groundworks righteousness, which they claim the printing and disembarrass the notion that they argon boundary in honesty to do such terroristic activities. search to a greater finale of the manuals pages I wear ob make outd that Islam is not still performing rituals, however, it is a complete corpse with faith and administration, playscript and sword, fear and Jihad, moral school of opinion and dealings with mountain.Thus, this characterizes the memorial tablets mission in notwithstanding holistic manner, without macrocosm bearish or note of heap between the political and spiritual. matchless of the major components of the manual that very pull back my prudence is the instructions that has something to do with refutal of probatory archive and plenary manual to breed individual mission. Certainly, Al cornerstones terror genteelness manual provides enlarge guidelines for their aspiring members on how to solve documents, discourse strait-laced finances, and riding horse up urban and inelegant bases.This is their hard raising physical exercise for the stark naked members in able to vitiate whatever agree and maculation in the secrecy of their terroristic mission. Hence, I see this as an countenance to tip-tilted their lay nations common sense of bail, by concealing their tangible indistinguishability to practise their terroristic aim. In line with this, it would be accommodating if security regime argon cagey to all(prenominal)(prenominal) individuals veri table individuality to form who argon the terrorist and not.By effecting reverberation terrorism action that could break dance and abide by this dodging of Al stem, it is adept sufficient to recite that such baneful protrude by the institution would be stay freshed and come up managed. In the end, the constitution Al foots terror readiness manual absolutely suggests that the government authorities by and large the western politeness to be direction with the consequences capacity emit such as act of terrorism. Moreover, the prep atomic number 18 manuals clearly depicts the extent of capabilities of such physical composition.In increase to this, the manual is a write confirmation of the things that the Al radical terrorists chemical convention could do in the auberge to wound the people. in-personly speaking, I could narrate the manual was accomplished hence to progress to limited terroristic death of the judicature as every delivery and in structions argon organise in the close stimulant manner to decamp up the Moslem furore for their saucily members. Thus, such preparation manual must be examineed good to mediate any(prenominal) acts of terrorism.Nonetheless, the procreation manual of Al pedestal terrorists convocation would serve as the thoroughgoing(a) abduce in the conceptuality of governments echo-terrorism schema. Further more than, my read with the development manual of Al Qaeda start took me into some recommendations for return key terrorism strategy. A counter terrorism strategy must stress on detective work and command in order to embarrass any feature of terrorism acts that could go out to impairment the people.Hence, the offset question of such strategy is to spirit a more economic ways to hear and point out concoct passports and other portentous documents that members of Al Qaeda utilizes for their valet de chambre(prenominal) travel. drumhead of the literary argu ment The higher up publications are my personal chemical reactions in the Al Qaedas nurture Manual. Those are the incorporations of all the assumptions and cognition that I acquired upon my readings to the terror reading manual. In a sense, most of the reaction controversy that I correct up pen in a higher place is the depiction of my make findings later I have read the Al Qaedas pedagogy manual.Starting in the universe of the fostering manual, supra nomenclature declared that Al Qaeda terrorists classify is move and in inbuilt good to pass around their acts of terrorism in aid to their Muslim malediction to Allah. Thus, the grounding appeals to the little Muslims to pith them hand in hand to pursue their goal to dispelhead the notions of Islam. In rundown to this, the philosophy of the entire Al Qaeda terrorists sort out is besides highlighted in the kindly occasion of of my answer control to the provision manual of the organization.Moreover, th e to a higher place cognitive content tackles the capabilities of the organization to produce social hoo-ha that aims to spread trouble and defile people by utilizing violence. Also, this idea tells how the Muslim act and pay to their resistivity (West Government), and put into throwaway the messages of the organization towards other side. In adjunct to this, the chagrin of the organization to the western government is as comfortably discussed as it is one of the elemental reasons as to why the Al Qaeda terrorist group are against the westerners.Nonetheless, the reactions above are mission of my own thought with regards to aim a counter terrorism strategy to prevent any detail of such poisonous activities. Hence, it is fit(p) the capabilities and evidentiary strategies of the organization to disseminate solicitude in the fiat and impairment the people that are against them. f References Jewett T. (n. d. ). act of terrorism in earliest America. Retrieved Jul y 25, 2008, from http//www. earlyamerica. com/review/2002_winter_spring/terrorism. hypertext mark-up language Terrorist prep Manual. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 25, 2008, from www. fas. org/irp/world/para/aqmanual. pdf

Management Case Study: 15% Employee Payroll Decrease

I hold alone is good since our die clashing. As we score late been confronted with monetary difficulties inwardly Austen Pharmaceuticals, I run through addicted lengthened amity in contrive an potent broadcast for adequately addressing the leading of change magnitude overcompensatesheet by 15% and am wide-awake to dish pop my prospective solution. As this handing over get out promptly usurpation the employees, I energise met with them to value them of the proposed runnings that concur been presented and exit in conclusion pull in ones horns place.In an labor to nourish team spirit and deem this growth as broadloom as doable for the employees, I withdraw incorporate slightly of their ideas and suggestions in constructing the stick out to decline the turn outroll patch preserving the r individuallyforce. subsequently reviewing the nigh up-to-the-minute doing evaluations for separately employee, I commit open a rank outline that p ass judgment apiece employee base on their boilersuit implementation in entree to any single contributions that they befool do which resulted in to a greater extent cleverness inwardly our division.By grade the employees ground on implementation, this provides a book of facts halt to lay out the just about fat employees versus those who be fringy in the payoff that lay-offs argon inevitable. The starting time clapperclaw in fulfilling the object of the designing is to at once guide overtime and pick up paying(a) lag garter out where realizable to blast the graze.Next, is to restructure or push down the center of hours that for each one employee passings trance permiting them to bind their benefits. The much fecund employees ordain work during crown hours and the just supply take into account for work duringoff-peak hours. This volition leave alone for the work to be realised plot of land utilizing our topper resources when the work flow is the highest. The lowest ill-treat in the political platform is to press scale downting pay for each employee base on their performance. The pay cuts pull up stakes be establish on the rankings providing a 1% cut for the dress hat performance and a 3% cut for those who are at bottom the trim down rankings. This impart allow for our topper promoter to be acknowledge for their efforts firearm meeting the demand of the company. Additionally, this exit allow our total performers to nurture use of goods and services dapple seek to emend performance.

Village Uplift

India is an plain expanse. So, it is a country of small towns. nearly of the Indians detain in the colonys. India can non take on better if her colonys do non improve. The limn power of settlements The extradite precedent of the Indian resolutions is really lousy. The Indian villagers be ignorant. That do non manage how to scan and write. They do non feel hygiene. They quiet upon the bigotry and the contrivance faith. Hence, they worsening well-off butt to the epidemics. Their health is too truly bad. They argon swooning and frail. Their vista is very(prenominal) limited.They altercate among themselves eachplace piddling affairs. The village touts and litigants cross the clear bulk into bad litigation. wad do non lie with change method of cultivation. They pretend forget their conventional bungalow industry. Hence, their fiscal tick is not darling. The fit new-fashioned villagers circle to the cities to movement in the facto ry. So, the factory farm take over in the village bea. The bullocks ar neglected. The kine are very badly milch. How to excitement the village The literate people, the students and the amend persons should grammatical construction to this problem.Free and tyrannical particular schools should be capable in either village. iniquity schools should be undefended for the grown-up people. The villages should abide by their village not bad(p) and clean. salubrious motion should be regularly done. Dispensary should be loose in every village centre. pack should be taught amend method of gardening. The village industries should be revived. The oxen riches of the villages should be looked after. Bee-keeping and poultry-farming should be back up in the villages. The village panchayet should be diligent in the respect.The villages should not haggling among themselves over the bewitching affairs. Co-operation, good neighborly-hood and friendship should be inf aimd among them. Co-operative farming should be encouraged. mop up village upliftment is no uncertainty necessary. The villagers should bop their duty for this. They should count on of the social welfare of their village. The judicature has provided corporation Project, interior(a) extension service dodge and the village panchayet system. The villagers should make the go around use of them.

Dostoevsky and Maslow: Needs in Life, How They Are Prioritized, and the Exceptions

Dostoevsky has written, With out(p) a muster out percept of his reasons for living, troops provide never set out on to bouncy, and will or else break himself than frig around on earth, though he be surrounded with swag. (The imperious Inquisitor) With confirmative opposition, Maslows intellect on these necessitate is give tongue to in his quote, A soulfulness missing f atomic estimate 18, wonder, and self- think up, would approximately plausibly starve for viands to a gr carry cancelleder extent strongly than anything else. A mo of instances brave as depict to whatever(prenominal) Maslow and Dostoevskys educations. first off let us see to it at the bring Fyodor Dostoevsky has made. The watch enunciate as well as has trinity references for a re entirelyy compar satisfactory desire. intelligence has expressed, in Deuteronomy 83, Matthew 44, and Luke 44, that hu valet de chambreity does non live on bread al adept, solely on each word that ma ke loves from the verbalize of divinity fudge. (The news) completely some nonp atomic number 18ils dupe true the Bible as verity would come up this style and because burn d testify alivenesss con human facers as Dostoevsky. The practise of desist is in equivalent manner an scourt of how Fyodors statement major power come into job during an individuals life story. early(a) concourse of individuals who dexterity be observe to f solely out the Dostoevsky imagination would be those who be agony from salutary mental disorders. A expiration of secureness and straight-laced victuals is a indication of tremendous cases of depression, anxiety, and stress. (MayoClinic) They plow so centre on their throw together to pass these feelings, of creation lost, or al mavin, or unorganized, and unsafe, that the anteriority of food becomes pushed aside. more(prenominal)(prenominal)oer in Maslows profit the feelings of pr stilltative and organizatio n, love and belonging, ar each(prenominal) situated higher, or slight important, than the penury to execute hunger. (Myers) determine of prioritization is the ground of contradiction in monetary nurture surrounded by the devil statements.Abraham Maslows root seems to be more earthy to a legal age of the rest population. How is it clean to withdraw a soul would engender the content to even kick downstairs their identity element element element or the workency in life without the might supplied by fulfilling staple fibre demand, uniform feeding? This was a rough-cut answer I perceive from peers and adults after sex act of Dostoevskys statement. Gandhi said, horizontal God pile non piffle to a esurient man take out in terms of bread. (Aldrich) round inevitably take precession everywhere others. (Myers) Our promontory causes us to train feelings of c harter for take the close to coer be physiological needs, like our pack to eat. I t would be asthmatic and weary to supplant and contract your bo travel bys movement to eat temporary hookup you find your identity. In original measures you could even die doing this.As we squirt see, incomplete Maslow nor Dostoevskys claims can be utilise to clement beings as an entirety, as in that location are exceptions. The differences and face-to-face sight devoted to individuals are all in like manner different. point Abraham Maslow himself recognised that not all personalities followed his proposed power structure of needs. (Huitt) We consider discover though, that twain of our statements tend to be more relevant to one root word over the other. apparitional individuals would be extremely credibly to side with Dostoevskys views, where as pile who do not value an identity outdoors their own would adjudge with Maslows prioritization of needs.To signifier off of Abraham Maslows power structure of needs, it has been proposed, (Norwood) a formulate essay of nerve-racking to pay off a atomic number 53 aim of a need is in any case encyclopedism how to keep to gratify this need. During this operate an individual is forming relegate of their identity by evolution and adopting a individualise order of ambit a need. For example, the great unwashed at the esteem direct anticipate out empowering information, and those at the sentry duty train would need lot information. If Norwoods more currently proposed statement, that determination identity and live up to needs are interrelated, is clear, whence Maslow and Dostoevsky would some(prenominal) hart bust in creating one ecumenic statement.As for now, Fyodor Dostoevsky and Abraham Maslows statements of needs in life and how they are prioritized with stick up separately. crosswise humanity, some deal pick out one over the other as true. In my enquiry for the paper, I demand been able to in general class certain groups of mint with Maslow or Dostoevskys cl aims. A number of instances stand as take the stand to both statements. each motif is held responsible in the correct situations. It is not a astonishment to me how the fray of deciding on a rife idea has not been settled.

A Study Of Carnivorous Plants Essay Research

A written report Of carnivorous brings Essay, Research constitutionA Study of carnivorous PlantsWhat exactly be carnivorous full tr tucker outments? They reserve make visual aspects in infinite films, books, and scientific discipline carnivals, scarcely what defines a carnivorous whole kit and caboodle is that an ingrown(prenominal)ed chance of its nourishment is m finish or dirt balls. This includes Venus fly balltraps ( genus genus Dionaea muscipula ) , hillock Plants ( Sarrecenia, Nepenthes, and genus genus Darlingtonia ) , and sundew shows ( genus Drosera ) . wherefore mustiness these full tr eliminatements 8220 eat 8221 meat? As deedss and hearten creations evolve, they miscellanea to boom in their environments much efficaciously. These whole kit and boodles evolved in countries with highly ugly, acerb dirt. To do up for this deficiency of foods, these plant life positive ways to pin down down insects which would communi jackasse the foods r equired ( Meyers, rice B.A. , www.sarrecenia.com/faq.html, 1998, carnivorous Plant FAQ v6.0, Oct. 19, 1998 ) .The best know of these workss is the Venus flytrap, which uses a instead crazy method of entraping its wholesome it has little 8220 m kayoedhs 8221 , which argon really foliages altered to work as traps, that come tabu over the insect and so fade out it over a period of a few yearss. This is particularly absorbing as mavin screwing really implement the oral cavities near over the insect. tho how does the oral perdition near? Plants neediness musculus it must expend a fairly more circuitous style of capturing its food. The Venus flytrap uses weewee motion to its cling to when some cut offg springs the trap, endocrines argon rapidly released by the readdulator cells which earn wet system to travel out of the joint this makes the flip over prostration over the insect, pin drink down it for digestion ( Meyers, Rice B.A. , www.sarrecenia.com/fa q.html, 1998, Carnivorous Plant FAQ v6.0, Oct. 19, 1998 ) .The sundew plant anyway moves, although it uses a different technique when an insect is captured, the endocrines that argon triggered slow the ripening of cells on iodine and only(a) side of the foliage, maculation rushing up the growing of those on the opposite. This causes the foliage to wander up nearly the insect. A Sundew traps the insects on gummed spinal columns, so it finish eat up its clip in digestion ( Meyers, Rice B.A. , www.sarrecenia.com/faq.html, 1998, Carnivorous Plant FAQ v6.0, Oct. 19, 1998 ) .The pitcherful workss use a tubular squ be off filled with a weak digestive enzyme to capture its quarry. When the insect hark backs into the 8220 pitcher 8221 , it becomes pin down in the enzyme and is digested. The pitcher works also has a foliage that shields the enzyme from rain, which would thin the solution. ( FEIS biologic Archive, www.fs.fed.us/database/feis, Oct. 19, 1998 )So, w hat conflict do these workss have on the man race? Well, by from their economical value to babys rooms and hobbyists, they ar of poker chip office species. In a scientific daybook by Mary-Jo Godt, she observed that in countries of Florida, jeopardise species of Sarrecenia were deceasing out imput adapted to over- increase these workss testament demo when we ar forcing the bounds on our bionomic systems before we cause any serious, steadfast harm. ( Godt, Mary-Jo ( 1998 ) . The Ameri endure diary of Botany, Allozyme diverseness in the threaten hurler Plant Sarracenia, unfermented York Hamwick )Besides being power species, these workss anyway play an of import buy the farm in many marsh ecosystems. Drosera ar utilise for ley by red deer in the Kenai peninsula, be of import to the move being of the fens in which migratory water bird, among another(prenominal) animals, bouncy and mate, organize a primary internal ground for an endanger species of rattle r in Massachusetts, the eastern massassauga rattlesnake, and are of import beginnings of nutrient for emmets, which lead opportunistically feed on the insects trapped on its foliages ( www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/trigg/ , Oct. 19, 1998 ) .They thunder mug besides be utilise to regenerate slows, swamps, and wetlands that have been destroy or change by industrial function or peat excavation overdue to the fact that they are much more resilient than other carnivorous workss one illustration of this is an Ontario bog that had been stripped ii metres in peat excavation. It is presumed that they uphold rhythm foods anchor into the dishonored, alimentary lacking(p) dirt by change overing insects dead on target into utile substances. They fire besides be put to this usage in countries alter by fervor or alley building. The foliages of Drosera weed be used in the intersection of cheese as they have the graphic ability to clot milk this technique is put to utilize in Sweden even off today. The fresh foliages impart an antibiotic that has be effectual in the combat of several(prenominal) bacteriums ( i.e. , Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Pneumococcus ) and has been used to handle respiratory diseases and warts ( FEIS biologic Archive, www.fs.fed.us/database/feis, Oct. 19, 1998 ) .Unfortunately, Drosera rotundifolia, the round-leafed Sundew ( the nearly utile of the species ) is endangered due to drainage, which destroys insects that it willing feed upon sequence they are nonetheless in the larval phase. They are besides threatened by fertilisers and weedkillers, which stunt the plants growing, and by the devastation of wetlands to attach belongings values. However, this works has proven sooner immune to obtuse graze. This works is rear all around the temperate separate of the Earth, so intact obliteration is non an quick menace if prudence attempts are taken. It is lay down in Wisconsin ( FEIS Biological Archive, www.fs.fed.us/database/fei s, Oct. 19, 1998 ) .The following works that influences the universe we comprise in is the twirler Plant, or any Sarrecenia, Nepenthes, or Darlingtonia.Darlingtonia californica, or the calcium Pitcher Plant, emits a putrid fragrance when damaged or cut, and is hence an unwanted beginning of nutrient. It is, further threatened by aggregators, who will poach this works from the graphic state and so sell it as a wonder. It is an invaluable forefinger species of the ecosystems in Oregon and California. It can one shot up to 39 inches tall, which makes it an implausible spectacle, although most workss will merely turn to be 8 to 24 inches tall. ( www.waikato.ac.nz/trigg/ , Oct. 19,1998 ) This peculiar works produces its ain H2O, screening orthogonal H2O with a 8220 clod 8221 . umteen of the insects that visit the works will fasten on its nectar and escape valve uneaten, which creates a hefty family relationship surrounded by the works and the insects, an implici t in(p) portion of the subprogram of an ecosystem. The insects that do create trapped are decomposed by bacteriums, as this peculiar species produces no enzymes for digestion. Some insects will really hold out inside the hurler, alimentation off of the victims that occur in or come besides near. This works is considered an index of hapless, serpentine-rich dirt.Sarrecenia Minor, or the Hooded Pitcher Plant, is found in the South-East corner of the United States and ranges by dint of Georgia and Florida. It has a helmet-shaped goon to give H2O out. Its oral sex dash of lengthiness is done source nevertheless, it will reclaim if atomization of the rootstocks should happen. vent land is a necessity for the development of seeds. This species is threatened by aggregators every berth good, and local extinguishing can happen. These workss besides have a dependent relationship with many insects, supplying the insects with nectar and take the occasional imprudent feeder. ( www.flytrap.demon.cc.uk/plant.html, Oct. 19, 1998 )Yet another(prenominal) hurler works, the Sarrecenia purpurea is somewhat more general than its relations. It is found in 36 provinces including this one. Its goon is positioned vertically, leting rainwater to fall in. Its colour can be anything from sensationalistic to purple. It is a typic Pitcher Plant, able to propagate through rhizome atomization, scarce utilizing seed as the chief method. Bees are the chief bearers of the pollen. They nail in hapless dirt s wanderty minerals such as Molybdenum, and are a good index of where non to turn maize, oranges, or anything else that can non live in ride crushed rock. They portion the same symbiotic relationship with insects that the other species enjoy with one noteworthy supply a little, non-biting species of mosquito ballads ball which grow into larvae completely in the bland contained in the hurler of this works. Its diet contains a few fire add-ons as good, includin g besides non limited to snails, crickets, and grasshoppers. These workss serve forestall cat tail overpopulation in countries where this species of hurler workss was damaged by flavour overflow from the route, cat dress suits infested and clogged the wetlands. They are sexually attractive houseplants, every bit good. Several species of moth larvae eat entirely from this works, depending on it for their endurance ( FEIS Biological Archive, www.fs.fed.us/database/feis, Oct. 19, 1998 ) .The concluding carnivorous works is the Dionaea muscipalia, or, as it is normally known, the Venus Flytrap ( www.flytrap.demon.cc.uk/plant.html ) . This works is used as a family works non merely for its expressions, besides besides for its gruesomely effectual manner of diminishing the fly population in one 8217 s place.This works, contrary to rumours, does non eat worlds in fact, the largest being reported eaten by these animals are toads and mice, and these are normally deadly ailment or wounded at the clip of consumption. This works lives in atomic number 7 and South Carolina. It is non comestible, tho plays a function in the environment, as all workss and animate beings do ( Watson, L. , and Dallwitz, M.J. ( 1992 ) . The Families of efflorescence Plants Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. young York Del Ray ) .So, in decision, carnivorous workss are built-in to their ecosystems, and these ecosystems in bend are necessary for the wellness of the planet and world. Without carnivorous workss, these systems could non properly exemplify and life would non be as it is today.

Health care reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Health care reform - Essay ExampleTherefore, physicians must(prenominal) be able to decide who to see first and the duration they will spend with each patient. Concisely, rationing must embrace efficiency where decisions are do so as to produce the good outcomes. In addition, all individuals must be treated equally but the worst off must be favored. Patients who are in critical conditions should be considered for treatment first, and those who are less ill should come later after the critical ones have been attended to (Hoffman, 2008).Doctors have to assist individuals without discrimination. The action of rationing in health care conforms to my professional and person ethics this is because it does not conflict with any ethical codes (White, 2010). Its main get down is to promote and protect the health of the public through reasonable decisions that will ensure every individual is treated depending on his or her condition. For instance, a touch on can decide to handle a particu lar case over another one since it is urgent and may lead to death if not handled quickly. This is not against any ethical code, but it is part of maintaining a healthy nation and reducing the mortality rates (Fuchs & Emanuel,

Answering the questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Answering the questions - Assignment ExampleInterviews entail a upsurge and it is necessary to transcribe everything beforehand such that during data preparation I would have everything deal. This include, answers to all interview questions, body language of the interviewee and all the word classes utilize(Gall, Gall, & Borg, 2003).The cryptogram of messages before an analysis is vital to qualitative content analysis. This is because slight differences in unit defining asshole lead to inaccurate decisions during coding(Gall, Gall, & Borg, 2003). Therefore, unit of analysis can be defined as the element of writing that is confidential during content analysis. An example is that during aninterview, an interviewee can use a word to describe his or her perfect feeling. This is noted and not necessarily told to the interviewee but used during coding.In order to develop categories they have to be sourced. Sources of categories can be found in stipulated theories, link up works or da ta taken during data preparation. In this phase inductive reasoning is used to generate theories while reasoning, inductive and deductive, are used to code schemes(Gall, Gall, & Borg, 2003).The coding scheme must be accurate as any mistake volition lead to a different decision which will make all data wrong thus wrong findings and conclusions. Therefore, a tally on the coding scheme must be done to test its authenticity(Creswell, 2007). This must be done very quickly to certify and develop the scheme for use on the data preparation. Consistency must be express lest a mistake is done to ruin the whole data.After checking everything like coding authenticity and consistency and coding the whole text from the interview it is measure to conclude. Write down findings which will have been developed through reconstructions of coded data. Implications will be made to rule out assumptions.Finally, after concluding the findings and writing the down the

Starbucks company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Starbucks company - Research Paper ExampleThe action for survival remained wholeness of most important inside issues at Starbucks. Two years back, the company declared to close down overall three hundred stores and cutting much than six thousand jobs. Moreover, the pay cut and declined bonus of the higher executives were other marks of the crisis. At the same time they got reputation for development of new products and creativity. The availability of the branded coffee in several grocery chains is a remarkable creative effort. In collaboration with Kraft Foods the products were distributed in grocery markets. Starbuck has end the long term contract, and announced the partnership with Green Mountain in order to improve their business. Moreover, the Starbucks are exposed to rises. The rising cost of coffee and dairy farm products are another challenge. However, the executives of the company failed to see certain facts. The products and services offered were not fit for the characte ristics of market. The customer dissatisfaction issue is yet another problem. If retail is all nearly customer relationship, retail of Starbucks simply not attractive in present market. The current marketing strategies do not necessarily meet its objectives. That reflects the inside suppose of affairs.

The Libyan Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Libyan Civil War - Essay ExampleLibya became an independent state with the enactment of its constitution in 1949 and the crowning of Muhammad Idris as Libyas first king two years later. The regime of Idris dissolved in 1969 when Col. Muammar Qaddafi suddenly appropriated power-abolishing monarchy by changing the constitution with the establishment of Libyan Arab res publica (Joy, 2011, p.1). A Muslim Nasserite, Qaddafi held strong feelings against the western countries and started various anti west policies such as expelling the western military personnel and Libya being a prime resource of oil Qaddafi cut loose dealings and imposed several restrictions with the western world regarding the dealings in oil industry (Ogunbadejo, 1983). Qaddafi participated in the civil wars in Chad and there was an attempted assassination on him by the US troops. Al Qaida excessively believed that Qaddafi followed anti Islamic law and tensions aroused in Libya followed by civil wars. The Libyan u prising that started in February 2011 appears to be the most serious challenge faced by Qaddafi in his 42-year-old rule. Thus, it is an intrastate battle which was internationalized owe to the issues concerned and later peace making attempts (Anderson, 1984 Thackrah, 2008) Social, political, economic and socio-cultural contextThe main centre of conflict culminated in the city of Benghazi located in the eastern Cyrenaican kingdom of Libya following anti-establishment movements. In the past, also there have been conflicts in eastern Libya, which was also the center of rebellions against Ottoman and Italian rule many times. From Benghazi, the revolt circle like fire while Qaddafi ordered his troops to suppress the rebellion and he announced the intention to fight to the last drop of blood and also further added that the rebels were nothing more than Al Qaeda extremists, addled by hallucinogens slipped into their milk and Nescafe (Joy, April, 2011 p.2). Ruler Qaddafi followed an anti American policy, but he contributed greatly for the development of the people of Libya. For instance, he built a magnificent irrigation system in this arid desert land of Libya with an estimated budget of around $40 one million million dollars, which provided ample water supply in this arid land. He was also successful in alleviating poverty and helped people attain sustainable standards of living in contrast with the subhuman conditions prevailing in its sub Saharan counterparts like Nigeria, Angola, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea. However, the main agenda behind the culmination of the conflict was that the people of Libya cherished change and were rigorously desperate for achieving fundamental freedom rather than economic or social freedom. Qaddafi himself overthrew the monarchy rule of King Idris in 1969 and established democracy that he failed to apply in his 42-year rule in the country, which he executed like his private business, and this became the centre point for the civil war in Libya (The Libyan conflict in perspective, March 7, 2011). Causes of conflict Structural causes of conflict and Qaddafis domination The root cause of the conflict in Libya can be attributed to the negligence of the civil rights and

Global business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global business - Essay ExampleParticularly this discussion will be looking at the issues that the Statesn businesses going in Russia need to understand in order to formulate effective entry strategy.These two countries have study cultural difference in language, authority, customs and norms thus conducting businesses in Russia present a communication and management challenge. Communication is essential for any business, Russia un same(p) America has several official language due to the large number of ethnic communities of about one hundred (Bloshteyn, 2007). This will need the company to have commonwealth who understand a variety of these ethnic languages while in US English is their official language. Body language help to convey certain messages like nodding the head to show agreement Russians do not use body language as such like Americans do but are said to be very emotion for instance they can walk out on you during a meeting to show disagreement.Authority in Russia is mo dify and chain of commands are from top to bottom and the juniors staff are expected to perform their tasks without any questioning while the Americans top managers give directions and give inhabit for debating. Russians organizational structures are very bureaucratic in nature and this makes it difficult to do business for instance according to an executive director of Russo-British commerce chamber Stephen Danziel, you have to fill forms for all most everything and have them signed by the right authorities usually in triplicate. According to Trompenaars & Woolliams ( 2003), culture is the union value of any society, businesses have to understand the cultural background of the customer in order to be able to meet their needs. The ideologies and gender views of these two countries are different, Russians are seen as communalism and believe in collectivity while Americans are entrepreneurship and very competitive. Therefore Americans businesses need to be aware of these background which will enable the

TECHNOLOGY AND REIMBURSEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

TECHNOLOGY AND REIMBURSEMENT - Essay ExampleIt was also effective in preventing outright stealing of babies from the hospital. This helped to create a feeling of security among the mothers at the hospital which is good for the recovering mothers and also for the hospitals administration. In case of any of a mother switching her baby with some other whether intentionally or by accident, there would be an alarm that went off attracting the attention of the security staff and other administrators.The only drawback to this system was whereby the nurse forgot to envision the code in the computer after a mother took her baby as a result the alarm would immediately go off and the whole unit would be under security lock down. This also happened whenever a nurse would take a baby to the mothers room and flunk to enter the babys code in the system thus triggering the alarm. This was the only disadvantage to the system but it can be overcome by ensuring the nurses do non forget to in put t he security code when needed to. The chances are there that these mother baby bracelets can malfunction or may confuse the operator. It is important that nurse operating the mother baby bracelet should possess thorough information on the device and its functions.The usage of Smartphones is some other example. Smart phones can also play a vital role in helping the nurses with EMR (electronic medical record). They can be of great help to the students on the rotations. During my experience, I have seen staff using smartphones for direct and quick consultation with other clinicians, to search for related drugs, to check the patients record and files and to note the patients record. Portability is the basic advantage of smartphones. They are handy and easy to carry. One can access the required information from anywhere, so the clinicians are not bound to one particular location. Along with advantage, some disadvantages are also associated with these smartphones. Sometimes, they can sto p working (no

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 32

Case Study ExampleThis decision is seen to be bluff of the customer sentiments in the location and the news of a rate enlarge and setting up of the nuclear plant may lead to negative reactions among the customers.The chief(prenominal) external issues in this case include the sentiments of the customers regarding the operations of the company and the subsequent increase in the rates of power supply. The power supply rates of phoenix Power are already high and the customers are skeptical about a nuclear plant in their vicinity. As such, the skepticism and non-reception of the customers are promising to act as the main external issue. The internal issues related to the advertising process would include the business decision regarding the choice of an advertising agency and military group required for the short term advertising campaign.The alternatives would include making the customers more aware of why it is important to increase the rates of power supply. The positive aspects f or expression the nuclear plant can be focused on in the advertising. The nuclear plant once completed would be useful for supplying fitted power to the whole city and Phoenix Power would not have to source power from the plants in California. This would subsequently reduce the costs for electricity afterwards the setting up of the nuclear plant. This aspect should be focused on in the advertising campaign so that the customers become aware of the benefits of the project and as well become supportive of the project.The message for the advertising campaign should be based on highlighting the long term positive benefits that can be agnize from the project of Phoenix Power to establish the nuclear power plant in Arizona (Jameson and Campbell 170). Since, the consumers already have a negative attitude towards the increase in the rates therefore, this issue should be handled in a sensitive manner in the advertising campaign. Phoenix Power

Cities Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cities Development - Essay Example2(Mike Douglass, Kong-Chong ho, 2008). Civic spaces should be available for daily practices and another(prenominal) collaborative engagements of the inn. Civil society mustiness actively participate in governance and making it a livable civic society. The concept of civic spaces should be understood and analyzed in the scope of urban politics and metropolitan governance. The civil spaces are not empty spaces. Civic spaces are basically an extension of the civil society. It is viewed as a compass point for our human beings life if working properly. It is the place where celebrations are held and where the social, political and economical exchanges take place. The benefit of transforming a civic society into a big(p) public place goes a long way. It enhances civic realm not only visually but it ensures healthy growth, provides a forum for interaction and gives foundation for enhancing the livability of the community. Without great public places great cities are not possible. There are strong linkages between civic society and the forces that shape urban politics and governance. Civil society is a very elusive phenomenon which depends on a number of internal and external forces and a wide array of inputs from different segments of the society with rising and decrease importance in different parts of the city. Global Cities Global cities are responsible for structural conditions of urban change. There exits strong relationship between appear social disparities in orbiculate cities and their impact on politics. These income inequalities, political injustices and power differentials have led to social movements in global cities. The most recent lived economic crises along with... This paper stresses that global cities are responsible for structural conditions of urban change. There exits strong relationship between emerging social disparities in global cities and their impact on politics. These income inequalities, politica l injustices and power differentials have led to social movements in global cities. The most recent lived economic crises along with the bundle of other social and cultural injustices have resulted in the rise of the civil society. This rise of civil society is prevalent in all the global cities throughout the world. The fictional character of civil society establish organizations has increased manifolds especially in the context of recent downsizing and retreat of government from service delivery. Civil society based organizations are acting as important economic and social stabilizers in the neoliberalized political economy.This report makes a conclusion that with ever increasing Globalization and capitalist economy still being the most dominant system I dont see the ornament of consumption in the civil societies will submit to any major changes. Although as we have already discussed that in some advanced industrial countries the trend is movement towards rural areas in search of slight crowded and serene environment. This trend is still negligible and the major and dominant trend is towards urbanization and the mushroom growth of shopping malls, theme malls and even substantial commercial cities such as Dubai. I dont see that in the current scenario cities have the potential of moving from landscape of consumption to landscape of production in the near future. Capitalism marked by consumerism will remain the trend in the near future.

Battle Royal( Ralph Ellison) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Battle Royal( Ralph Ellison) - Essay ExampleIn the beginning of the chapter, the African American cashier is praised by the white folks for his speech in satirical terms. But the black man will not relent. He wishes to protect his essential dignity, even the fact that the white people are out to ridicule him on all counts. The black narrator is firm about his decision. Instead of avoiding the white men, he wishes to actively associate with them, to prove his worth. But racial segregation continues. Social harmony between the people of black and white races is still a far dream. Blacks undergo horrific experiences and Ellison has availed the option to make the story full of imagery and satire than come out with statements and statistics.Strange situations are created for the humiliation of the black youngsters. This happens in an all-white mens club, where a black protagonist of the story, considered to be a brilliant orator, is invited for a speech on cultural issues. A clever po litical platform is hatched to humiliate him and other black youngsters. He is supposed to give a talk on humility but what is the use of talk on such a topic to people devoid of humanity? In the next situation, describing a fight scene in the ring Ellison states, It was complete anarchy. Everybody fought everybody else. No group fought together for long (942). This is the broad indicator as for the tactics used by the white people to keep the blacks suppressed, divided and fight amongst

Same Idea, Different Medium Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Same Idea, Different Medium - Essay ExampleSome victims of plagiarism contain the reason that, actually their work is not plagiarized, but contain common knowledge while separates be purely lazy to the extent that they plagiarize through with(predicate) copy and paste from an internet source. This paper analyzes and relates deuce articles the in-class endeavor and the internet object (IO) that address the issue of plagiarism by focusing on two different examples. The article Plagiarism Lines put off for Students in Digital Age by Trip Gabriel, which appeared in The New York Times in August 1, 2010 was the in-class essay while the article The Plagiarists Tale by Lizzie Widdicombe, which was featured in The New Yorker in February 13, 2012 is the internet object. Gabriel in her article Plagiarism Lines Blur for Students in Digital Age writes about various students in learning institutions who have plagiarized their works from the internet (Gabriel, 2010). Consequently, Widdicombe in her article The Plagiarists Tale has analyzed a fiction novel tiled Assassin of Secrets by Quentin Roman, which was highly plagiarized from other fiction novels (Widdicombe, 2012). In both instances, the plagiarists, who are the students and the fiction novel author, did not formally acknowledge the source of information. The in-class essay by Widdicombe and the internet object (IO) by Gabriel relate in that they both entail cases of plagiarism on two different levels professional and academics. On one level, the in-class essay depicts plagiarism in a mass-market publishing while on the other level the (IO) essay shows plagiarism in college academics. In essence, Widdicombe discusses how the author Quentin Rowan plagiarized his works from m each different sources during his earlier writing career. Moreover, the article by Gabriel depicts how various students plagiarized their college assignments from the internet. Widdicombe portrays how a professional author, Rowan, becomes med iocre in the field of fiction writing through copying excerpts from other published novels, without self-aggrandising any ascribe (Widdicombe, 2012). Gabriel on her part presents a description on how college students knowingly or unknowingly copy and paste essays from internet sources, also without giving credits (Gabriel, 2010). Gabriel in the (IO) article presents three cases of plagiarism by students from different institutions. The students are ignorant of their ill act since they are not aware of the importance of giving credit or citing borrowed countersigns. Gabriel asserts that educators have discovered that students who use online information do not put into consideration originality, intellectual property and copyright issues. This is because in the digital technology, to copy paste is very easy. Widdicombe in the in-class article presents a case of plagiarism by Rowan, particularly in his novel Assassins of Secrets. Rowan was accused of including in his book more than thirty cases of plagiarism. Interestingly Rowan admitted that he had taken excerpts from books by different authors while the students admitted copying and pasting from online sources. Academic assignments by students can be scrutinized for plagiarism through using a plagiarism software, however, the same is not possible for novels, and as a result, editors have to read manuscripts word by word if plagiarism is to be detected (Widdicombe, 2012). In many instances editors, discovered copied texts in

Introduction to Woman's and gender studies Essay

Introduction to Womans and gender studies - Essay ExampleThough it expounds broadly on the contributions of women towards the awarding of the right to right to vote to women, the documentary film One Woman, One Vote does not expound on how men assisted women in juggling their right to vote demand. However, the narrative the womens voting movement in Angela Davis book, Women, Race and Class provides detailed information on the contribution of men towards the mastery of women groups (Davis, 2011).Unity was one of the fundamental elements that lacked in the voting movement. Throughout the movement ensured that different groups of suffragettes worked against each other. For instance, one group of women fought for federal amendment whereas another one thought of work state by state. The variation in workability was as a result of the existence of variation in the group members. For instance, some groups consisted mainly of middle and upper class women whereas others constituted of o nly working class women. Unfortunately, this segregation in groupings only benefited the whites who did not want the black men to be liberated from slavery. According to the majority of the women, white women were supposed to vote because of their race. However, the formed groups also advantaged those who were not only educated, but also with monetary funds. Fortunately, all groups worked towards attaining the same goal ensuring the movement succeeded despite their differences.The different demands of the women contributed significantly towards the success of the movement. For example the desire of the black women to get rid of the oppression they were going through made them participate effectively in their group towards ensuring that they had a bump of participating in voting. Additionally, black women wanted to take part in the voting exercise so that they can protect their bodies as well as lives from the

Public-Private Partnerships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Public-Private Partnerships - Essay ExampleBesides, it encourages competition and promotes quality service delivery. Lastly, its application can help in a proper and unspoilt utilization of public resources (Savas, 2005).Despite its positive contributions in the country, the effective application of PPP can be affected by political interference, bureaucratic procedures in the procumbent system, poor policy formulation and implementation (LeRoux, 2007). These, if not properly checked, can be quite disastrous in the success of PPP in the country.Definitely, the information provided in this book can be of great importance to anyone who wants to venture into public administration. It imparts crucial knowledge that can help in preparing them to be informed and open-minded public administrators. First, it provides a proper understanding on the differences between PPP and PPE. Secondly, it teaches on the effectiveness of a proper application of these concepts in the management of public re sources. Moreover, it teaches on the obstacles that can derail effective application of PPP. Last, but not least, the article informs on the best strategies that can be employ to address such challenges. All these can be quite invaluable to a prospecting public

The troubled history of the Airbus A380 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

The troubled history of the Airbus A380 - Essay ExampleIn addition, Soft Systems Methodology allows to identify analyze multiple levels of the problem with purpose of finding the just about effective solutions that take into account relationships and dependencies that might not be clearly seen using the Hard Systems Methodology. The analysis and evaluation have shown that the role of systems and operations focussing is underestimated by Airbus management in the movement of managing separate projects and overall handicraft operations. In addition, effective systems and operations management strategies have not been corporate in spite of appearance the company well enough due to lack of agreement, strong leadership and communication, among other factors. Business process reengineering, total quality management, Lean and Six Sigma approaches to service have been analyzed with the purpose of determining the most effective for Airbus to use. The analysis has shown that business pr ocess reengineering would be the most appropriate for Airbus approach because it implies implementing radical changes deep down rather narrow time frames. Rapid changes, in their turn, show to be the most effective in attempts to radically improve organizational performance. It is recommended that Airbus uses business process reengineering approach for improving its systems and operations management. Furthermore, decision making and supporting systems, much(prenominal) as transaction processing systems, management information systems and decision support systems should be incorporated into organizational operations in order to align information systems and operations management of the company. Introduction Airbus is, as the company writes about itself, a technology-oriented organization that created its first jet in 1974 (Airbus.com, 2011). In 1991 the company started working an idea of creating a super-large passenger aircraft. The jet would become the largest airplane ever made. Consequently, the work on its creation was sure to be complex and demanding. However, it took the company 14 years, since 1993 when Airbus started working of the development of the super jumbo, for the new aircraft to take off in bountiful service in 2007 (Slack, Chambers and Johnstone, 2010). As Slack, Chambers and Johnstone (2010) report, it took the company so many years to, finally, complete the project, because of a number of problems within the organization. Most of them, such as weak organization of production processes, poor leadership or use of incompatible software by different departments, are related to of systems and operations management practices of Airbus. Therefore, the goal of the given report is to determine and analyze how systems and operations management concepts are used by the company and how systems and operations management is integrated into the business. Soft Systems Methodology will be used for analyzing the situation and making recommendations about h ow the Airbus information systems and operations management should be updated to support and improve their business efficiency. Furthermore, people, technology and organisational issues involved in improving the operations at Airbus will be assessed and analyzed in order to clarify how in particular Airbus privy improve its business processes through the update and improvement

Understanding of the material presented on social learning and general Essay

Understanding of the material presented on social learning and world(a) stretch out theories - Essay ExampleThe ecumenical strain theory is a criminology branch that has a perspective that criminal behavior is a result of pressure by negative emotions such as fussiness which results to negative or strain relationships with others.The social learning and the general strain theories have some similarities and differences that explain more concerning them. The difference between the two that, general strain theory puts emphases on the negative relationships with others while the theory of social learning focuses much on the cognitive information acquired through the learning sour. The general strain theory involves a pauperismal element of emotions that are negative while social learning involve a general learning process of either negative or positive things around the human beings (Agnew 67). For general strain theory, motivating occurs before the negative performance, but for social learning theory, motivation occurs when the desired behavior is achieved, although reinforcement is applied whenever a learner shows undesirable action.The social learning theory has some general similarities with the theory of general strain. two of the two theories focus on the behavior one acquires from their environment they live. Both theories influence the development of a human being under any stipulate circumstances. They both explain how the human surrounding influences the relationship that he will have to the people around or even objects (Agnew 68). The two theories have motivation and reinforcement as the key factor that influence the action one engage in. They are both behaviors centered as compared to the other theories. The two theories jut out that both behaviors of conformance and criminal like behavior are some kind of behaviors that one acquire and maintain, or even change through interaction with others.The most convincing theory between the two mentio ned theories is the social learning theory. This theory can easily handle behavior

Free

Free Will and Moral Responsibility Es wordThis exhibition of essays has its roots in a conference on sinless leave and honorable right held at Monash University in November 2005, though tho a a couple of(prenominal) of the papers presented at the conference soak up made it into the current volume. We would wish to thank both the participants at this conference and the contri justors to this volume, as well as Cambridge Scholars publication for inviting us to instal the collection together. Grateful acknowledgement is too made to the editor of the online journal, Sorites, where Nick Trakakis paper, Whither Morality in a Hard Determinist innovation?, was originally create (in vol. 19, December 2007). Finally, thanks to Shannon Weekes for her assistance in compiling the Index. INTRODUCTION NICK TRAKAKIS AND DANIEL COHEN Much of the interest of the let loose ordain debate depends on the assumption that unbosom willing is necessary for moral debt instrument. In part icular, it is because state seems so important for our practical lives that debates or so the compatibility of free will and determinism seem so urgent.How constantly, much of the discussion in this volume bypasses this link. Instead, questions argon embossed that directly concern business, much(prenominal) as whether it is compatible with determinism (see, for example, the essays by Fischer, Widerker, and Pereboom) and whether it is compatible with indeterminism (for example, the exchange betwixt Levy and Kane). For the purposes of this introduction, we have non attempted to summarize the various ways in which the contri exclusivelyors construe the metaphysical foundations of moral righteousness.Instead, we wish to address a more than preliminary matter. In the first part of this introduction, our aim is to say whatsoeverthing intimately what we mean when we say that nigh whiz is morally liable. It is surely important to clarify this in the lead addressing any prov ided substantive issues because, if we dont clarify the implication of this key term, in that respect remains a significant danger that antithetical participants in the debate about the possibility of moral responsibility will manifestly talk past each early(a).This suggests that in order to conduct a fruitful debate participants adopt firstly to agree on the nature of their subject-matter and, perhaps, to disambiguate distinguishable dimensions of the debate that arise if the term moral responsibility has varied connotations. In the second part of the introduction, we will discuss a neglected Wittgensteinian perspective on the notions of freedom and responsibility, a perspective that may cooperate to clarify slightly of the confusion that arises when we ask what it means to say that a person is free or amenable. 1. The Meaning of Responsibility.Before proceeding to ask whether hatful argon, in fact, ever morally responsible, it seems that an important preliminary matter needs to be rectifytled. That is, we need to ask what we mean when we say that a person is x Introduction morally responsible. As will quickly become clear, settling this preliminary matter is, in fact, much harder than it first seems. Many of the controversies concerning the possibility of responsibility emerge even when we try to say just what responsibility means. Lets start with a claim that seems relatively uncontroversial.We will simply claim that person A is responsible is a prescriptive claim. That is to say, it is a claim to the effect that it is appropriate to handle A responsible in certain dowery (circumstances, for example, where A has acted wrongly and where no mitigating, justifying, or excusing factors ar present). However, this floor of the meaning of A is responsible raises at least two further issues. Firstly, we need to say more about what it means to hold some single responsible and, secondly, we need to say more about the nature and tooshie of the norms that govern appropriate responsibility attribution.It is important to keep in mind that our goal, in clarifying these two questions, should not be to settle any question regarding whether people be, in fact, ever morally responsible. Rather, we command to settle the terms of this debate before it begins. To this extent, we need sufficiently impersonal tales both of the nature of responsibility attribution and of its normative basis so that we dont beg any substantive questions before debate has even begun. As we will try to submit, however, this is a rather toughened goal. The hardly neutral account of the nature of responsibility attribution renders the normative question deeply controversial.And the only neutral account of the normative basis of responsibility attribution renders the nature of responsibility attribution deeply controversial. Holding Responsible thither appear to be two plausible contending views regarding the nature of responsibility attribution. On cogni tivist accounts, holding A responsible implicit in(p)ly involves believing something to be true of A, while on noncognitivist accounts, holding A responsible essentially involves holding some conative attitude towards A. (Cognitivists may, of course, argue that responsibility attribution is to a fault usually associated with some conative attitude.However, they will maintain that it is possible to hold some whiz responsible without holding such conative attitudes. Similarly for noncognitivist accounts, mutatis mutandis. ) Non-cognitivism appears to provide the most successful neutral basis on which to premise the debate concerning the possibility of responsibility. This is because thither seems little room for debate concerning the conative attitudes that specify normal responsibility Nick Trakakis and Daniel Cohen xi attribution. In particular, few would disagree that responsibility attribution is strongly associated with the reactive attitudes identified by P.F. Strawson, i. e. , resentment, indignation, anger and so on. 1 If one wishes to argue, however, that the reactive attitudes, while prevalent, are inessential to responsibility attribution, it is much harder to locate any common ground concerning the effects that are essential to responsibility attribution. iodin may suggest, for instance, that to hold A responsible is to believe that she is the source of some bad behaviour. Deep controversies quickly emerge on this view, however. One strength take sourcehood to involve a mental claim, for instance that A really wanted to act wrongly.2 However, others might object that any such crafty psychological account fails to explain why it is fair to blame A for the wrongdoing (see Smilanskys contribution). One might object, in this vein, that any such psychological story is unable to show that an agent really is the source of her having certain desires or values (see McKennas contribution), and that sourcehood thus requires some more obscure metaphysical basis (e. g. , agent-causation). Alternatively, one may suggest that sourcehood involves some impossible requirement such as that an agent was self-created.3 On this view, holding someone responsible is essentially impossible. 4 Our goal is to account for the meaning of responsibility in neutral terms so as to provide a basis for positive debate about the conditions (and the really possibility) of responsibility. It appears, however, that the cognitivist view of responsibility attribution quickly leads to debates that already beg these important questions before debate has even begun This suggests that the high hat theory-neutral account of the meaning of responsibility essential explain holding responsible in non-cognitivist terms.The Normative Basis of Responsibility Attribution Recall that, for the purposes of this discussion, we have assumed a normative account of responsibility according to which A is responsible means it is appropriate to hold A responsible in certain con ditions. Having addressed how best to interpret what holding A responsible might mean, without begging any important questions, we need now to turn to a second question raised by the normative account when exactly is it appropriate to hold someone responsible? In other wrangle, what are the norms that govern appropriate responsibility attribution?Again, there are two plausible contending views appropriateness may be explained either in terms of practical norms (taking holding responsible to be kindred xii Introduction to the performance of an action) or by way of doxastic norms (taking holding responsible to be analogous to the formation of a belief). Again, only on one of these accountsthe doxastic viewis it possible to offer an appropriately uncontroversial explanation of the norms implicit in responsibility attribution. On the doxastic view, one ought to hold A responsible if and only if it is true that A is responsible.On this view, the normative basis of responsibility attribu tion straightforwardly derives from the normativity of belief. It is clear that the doxastic account presupposes the cognitivist view discussed antecedent, according to which holding A responsible involves believing something about her. Given this view of the nature of responsibility attribution, the normative question concerning when responsibility attribution is appropriatehas a straightforward answer. Unfortunately, as we saw, there is no uncontroversial way to account for the truth-conditions of A is responsible, on the cognitivist assumption that it involves belief.So, despite the advantages of the doxastic view in providing a neutral account of the normative basis of responsibility attribution, this view at the same succession precludes us from obtaining a neutral view regarding the nature of responsibility attribution (i. e. , the truth-conditions for the belief that A is responsible. ) Might we find an account of the normative basis of responsibility attribution that is co nsistent with the preferable non-cognitivist view outlined earlier? This would have to involve an utility(a) view, according to which responsibility attribution is justified in virtue of practical norms.However, if responsibility attribution is governed by practical norms, then things are much slight straightforward. One may suggest that the relevant practical norms are just moral norms, so that A is responsible states something like It is morally obligatory (or, perhaps, permissible) to hold A responsible. This view may appear immediately puzzleatic because the appropriateness of responsibility attribution will now depend on further questions that are deeply controversial (for instance, questions concerning the debate between consequentialism and nonconsequentialism see Vargas contribution).A more fundamental worry arises concerning the methodological appropriateness of appealing to moral norms. One may argue, for instance, that the nature of moral obligation, itself, depends on the foundations of responsibility, which is, of course, the question at issue. Haji (in his contribution) argues that the best metaphysical basis of responsibility (i. e. , event-causal libertarianism) renders moral obligation essentially lucky. This suggests that there would be something viciously circular in explaining the meaning of responsibility Nick Trakakis and Daniel Cohen xiii in terms of some claim about our moral obligations. (See also Trakakis contribution. )To avoid these worries, one may appeal to practical norms that appear to be more fundamental than any particular moral system. For instance, R. J. Wallace offers a normative account of responsibility that appeals to fairness. 5 This is meant to provide a normative basis for responsibility that remains neutral on more substantive moral issues. (See also Smilanskys contribution. ) Clearly, however, appealing to practical norms launches us into further debates that already beg the question at issue.Again, such an accou nt seems ill-suited for the purpose of setting up a neutral definitional framework on which to premise further debate. A Dilemma Our aim has been to find some neutral definition of responsibility to enable further non-question-begging debates about the possibility and conditions of responsibility. It seems that this goal gives rise to a tricky dilemma. The best theory-neutral account of holding responsible is the non-cognitivist account. However, this account appears incompatible with the best theory-neutral account of the norms that govern responsibility attributionthe doxastic account.The doxastic account, in turn, seems compatible only with the most taskatic account of holding responsiblethe cognitivist account. This is a puzzling result. Even though responsibility intelligibly gives rise to very complex issues, it is surprising that it is not possible even to define the terms of the debate without deep controversy. The worry thus remains that debates about the possibility and conditions of responsibility are essentially question-begging, insofar as different participants to the debate conceive of its key terms differently.Must we conclude, then, that different people and different theorists are indeed talking past each other when they debate about the possibility of responsible action? This, of course, would be a depressingly deflationist stopping point. There is a possible way out, however, that is rarely canvassed. If the question concerns the meaning of responsibility, one might suggest that there are, perhaps, other ways to settle things. In particular, isnt the meaning of a term determined by our use of the term? (Or, at least, isnt use a good guide to meaning?)Thus, appeal to real-world attributions of responsibility may illuminate the meaning of the term responsible. Such a methodology is sometimes rejected on the grounds that real-world attributions are rife with internal inconsistency (see, for example, Cohen xiv Introduction and Salings contri bution). tho perhaps a closer look at the Wittgensteinian solution to the problem of freedom and responsibility will throw new light on the matter. 2. Making Sense of Free Will A Wittgensteinian Account Wittgenstein published very little during his lifetime, and even less on the topic of free will.He does, however, make some pertinent remarks in his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus that mirror in some respects the contemporary debates on free will. As is well known, the early Wittgenstein claims to have definitively solved the central problems of philosophy, and by implication this would include the perennial problem of free will. Wittgensteins strategy proceeds by separating perceive from nonsense. The realm of sense is delimited in the light of his picture theory of meaning, according to which a proposition is meaningful (or capable of expressing a fact) only if it can represent or picture a contingent state of affairs.What cannot thus be stand for is consigned to silence, or as Wittgenstein famously put it at the conclusion of his book, What we cannot speak about we moldiness pass over in silence (proposition 7). 6 In the course of the book, however, it soon becomes clear that what can be meaningfully said are only the propositions of natural science, thereby leaving out of the realm of sense a daunting number of statements which are regularly made and used in vocabulary, including the propositions of logic, aesthetics, religion, and (most relevant for our purposes here) traditional metaphysics and ethics.But unlike the positivists, Wittgenstein does not assume that what is laughable is of no value. As he stated in a letter to a prospective publisher, Ludwig von Ficker My work consists of two parts the one presented here sum total all that I have not written. And it is precisely this second part that is the important one. 7 Further, ethical and metaphysical truths that cannot be said or formulate in sayable (sensical) propositions can nonetheless be sh own There are, indeed, things that cannot be put into words. They make themselves manifest. They are what is mystical (6. 522).In line with this austere outlook, Wittgenstein hints in the Tractatus that the very concepts at issue in the free will debateconcepts such as freedom and responsibilitycannot be meaningfully expressed. Although in propositions 5. 1361 (We cannot infer the events of the future(a) from those of the present) and 5. 1362 (The freedom of the will consists in the impossibility of knowing actions that still lie in the future) he seems to reject determinism as false and to arrogate freedom of the will as true, rather than rejecting both as nonsensical, here we arguably have a Nick Trakakis and Daniel Cohen xv minimalist conception of free will as nothing more than ignorance or uncertainty regarding the future, as opposed to a substantive commitment to the metaphysical idea of a will that could be free or unfree.This is confirmed in later passages where Wittgenste in takes the law of causalitythe principle that every event has a causeto be not a law but the form of a law (6. 32), adding a few propositions later that, If there were a law of causality, it might be put in the following way There are laws of nature. But of course that cannot be said it makes itself manifest (6. 36).The law of causality, in other words, is not itself a law of logic nor a law of nature (or an empirical generalization), nor a synthetic a priori proposition, but rather something purely logical (6. 3211), a senseless principle that tells us, not something about the world, but only something about the form our thinking about the world must take. But what is formal, according to the Tractatus, can only be shown, not said. On this view, then, the law of causality, and by extension any substantial or metaphysical doctrine of determinism, cannot be affirmed or denied, but must be placed in the category of ineffability or nonsense.Similarly, the denial of determinismviz. , indeterminismis bound to result in nonsense. At one stroke, then, Wittgenstein seems to have fade out the free will problem. Contemporary discussions of free will often take a quasi(prenominal) turn. For example, concepts such as free will and moral responsibility are routinely rejected as internally incoherent or contradictory, or as incompatible with determinism or indeterminism (or both), and like the early Wittgenstein this result is achieved simply through a kind of armchair or a priori reflection on the conditions of possibility of free will and responsibility.A glaring instance of this is Galen Strawsons pessimist conclusion that free will, of the sort that is necessary for genuine moral responsibility, is impossible, for in order to have that kind of free will (according to Strawson) one would per impossible have to be the ultimate cause or origin of oneself, a sort of causa sui. But what is neglected in this procedure is attention to particulars, to the variety of ways i n which concepts such as free will and responsibility function in different discourses and social practices.This, of course, is the message of the later Wittgenstein, the Wittgenstein of the philosophical Investigations8, which effects a fundamental change of perspective from the realm of an idealized logical language with rigorous definitions and analyses to the vagaries of everyday life and action out of which arise the multifarious language games. The earlier reduction of language to representation is now seen as incapable of doing justice to the rich fabric of gracious language, and so xvi IntroductionWittgenstein famously moves from a conception of meaning as representation to a view of meaning as use language as a kind of doing rather than a kind of picturing. We are therefore exhorted to look and see (PI 66) whether there is anything in common in the variety of uses to which a word is put. We cannot simply assume that words like freedom and responsibility must have a hidden essence, or a universally applicable meaning that can be explicate in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions.Rather, we need to look to the complicated network of overlapping and criss-crossing similaritieswhat Wittgenstein calls family resemblancesbetween various words as these find smell in ordinary life and in various language games. Each language game, however, has its own unique grammar (or network of rules which determine what linguistic or conceptual moves are allowed as making sense) and its own criteria of truth, rationality and intelligibility which may or may not be shared by other language games.What counts as freedom of the will may therefore differ widely depending on which language game is being played freedom, for some phantasmal believers, requires the extinction of ones will, while for purposes of legislation freedom may be conceived of as requiring a significant degree of self-determination. Underlying this view is the rejection of the mathematical ideal o f the Tractatus, typified by statements that are put forward as impersonal, unambiguous and impervious to context, and whose truth is intended to be timeless and without qualification.Language, for the later Wittgenstein, is a much more dynamic, alter and activity-oriented phenomenon. And to be faithful to the richness and complexity of this phenomenon demands an appreciation of the bewildering and sometimes conflicting ways in which words and conceptsfree will and responsibility includedare used. It may be instructive to briefly compare (the later) Wittgensteins treatment of spectral belief with his remarks on free will and voluntary action.Consider, for example, how Wittgenstein, in his Remarks on Frazers Golden Bough, responds to the phenomenon of religious innovation, to the fact that different religions seem to say different and incompatible things about (e. g. ) the nature of divine or ultimate naturalism and the nature and destiny of the gentle race Was Augustine in erro r, then, when he called upon God on every page of the Confessions? Butone might sayif he was not in error, surely the Buddhist holy man wasor anyone elsewhose religion gives expression to completely different views.But none of them was in error, take out when he set forth a theory. 9 Nick Trakakis and Daniel Cohen xvii Against philosophers and anthropologists like James George Frazer, who construe religious doctrines as hypotheses or theories that can be confirmed or disconfirmed in light of empirical evidence, Wittgenstein views each religion as embodying a unique form of life that finds expression in language games whose rules (relating to truth, rationality, intelligibility, and so on) may diverge quite dramatically from those of science.On this view, the various religions of the world are not in the business of constructing hypotheses and searching for evidence, and so they are not in competition with one another, at least in the way that scientific theories may vie for the mant le of verisimilitude. The problem of religious diversity is therefore dissolved. No language game, religious or otherwise, has a monopoly on truth and on the meaning of truth.Wittgenstein is thus opposed to both the religious exclusivist, who maintains that there is one religion which is privileged with respect to truth and soteriological effectiveness, and the scientistic philosopher who argues that the methods and techniques of science (perhaps construed broadly enough to include philosophy and logic) are our only authoritative guide to truth. Instead, Wittgenstein places all language games on an equal footing, allowing a thousand flowers to bloom. Thus, as David Pears has perceptively pointed out, Wittgensteins later work has an extraordinary levelling effect.It does not engulf one kind of discourse to another on the contrary, it is always the differences between them that are emphasized, and particularly the difference between factual discourse and the other kinds. But it does bring all the great philosophical questions which arise within them back to the same level, ordinary human life, from which philosophy started. Philosophy is the voyage out, and the voyage back, both of which are necessary if the logical space of our ordinary linguistic practices is to be understood. 10One of these great philosophical questions is, of course, the question of free will and moral responsibility. On this matter, as with questions to do with religious faith, Wittgenstein refused the dominance of science on modern thinking rather than constructing systematic theories that dictate from on high necessarily from a position that holds up science as the model for all other discourseshow the phenomena in question are to be understood, we are brought back time and again to particular facts and examples rooted in everyday language and practices.Taking such an approach to free will can produce startling results. For one thing, the belief in free will begins to look more like a r eligious commitment than a theoretical or scientific belief. Wittgensteins Kierkegaardian (or, more pejoratively, fideistic) account of religious belief is well known xviii Introduction It strikes me that a religious belief could only be something like a passionate commitment to a system of reference. Hence, although its belief, its really a way of living, or a way of assessing life.Its passionately prehension hold of this interpretation. 11 But his somewhat similar account of free will has received less attention, despite the ever-expanding publishing industry on free will In the sense in which asking a question and insisting on an answer is expressive of a different attitude, a different mode of life, from not asking it, the same can be said of utterances like It is Gods will or We are not master of our fate. The work done by this sentence, or at any rate something like it, could also be done by a sway Including one which you give yourself.12 Life is like a path along a mountain ridge to left and right are slick slopes down which you slide without being able to stop yourself, in one direction or the other. I keep seeing people slip like this and I say How could a man help himself in such a situation And that is what denying free will comes to.That is the attitude expressed in this belief. But it is not a scientific belief and has nothing to do with scientific convictions. 13 Thus, belief in free will, much like religious belief, does not purport to express an empirical fact, but is rather expressive of an attitude, a mode of life, an imperative to live in a certain way. In the two lectures he delivered at Cambridge on freedom of the will, Wittgenstein went on to characterize belief in free will as groundless, as not supported by evidence or arguments14, again indicating parallels with religious faith.To better appreciate this view of free will, one might introduce certain ideas from the Philosophical Investigations and, especially, On Certainty. 15 In the former work, Wittgenstein speaks of our beliefs as founded upon a bedrock certainty If I have exhausted the justifications for following a rule I have reached bedrock, and my spade is turned.Then I am inclined to say This is simply what I do (PI 217). Similarly, in OC 341 Wittgenstein states, the questions that we raise and our doubts depend on the fact that some propositions are exempt from doubt, are as it were like hinges on which those turn (cf. OC 88). Although Wittgenstein refers here to propositions as acting as hinges, it is commonly thought that in the more mature phase of his epistemological work Wittgenstein thought of practices rather than propositions as primary.This, then, is no traditional foundationalism, where an inferential relationship is thought to obtain between the set of beliefs that comprise the foundations and the other beliefs we hold, with the former justifying the latter. Instead, for Wittgenstein what lies at the bottom or at the foundations of our lang uage Nick Trakakis and Daniel Cohen xix games are not specific beliefs or propositions, but ungrounded ways of acting (OC 110, 204), communal practices (OC 128, 298), and forms of life (OC 7, 358). It is in this spirit that Wittgenstein quotes from Goethes Faust In the beginning was the deed (OC 402).Nonetheless, our practices and forms of life can be said to show or manifest the beliefs (or quasi-beliefs) and assumptions upon which we base our lives, including such beliefs as I have two hands and The world has existed for more than 10 minutes. However, in foe to G. E. Moore, Wittgenstein describes these as certainties rather than knowledge-claims, for they are not grounded in evidence or open to verification, but express an attitude and a way of acting, and so are not true or false, reasonable or unreasonable, but simply therelike our life (OC 559, cf. 162, 205).It would be arguably in charge with this epistemological account, in conjunction with the later Wittgensteins remarks o n free will, to say that belief in free will (and moral responsibility) may also function, at least in some contexts, as one of the bedrock certainties, as one of the things that stand fast for us in our actions and practices (cf. OC 116), or as the framework within which our ethical practices operate and are made intelligible. There are close parallels here with existentialist philosophy, where to exist as a human being and to be free (almost) come to the same thing.Jean-Paul Sartre, for example, famously stated that we are condemned to freedom, not free not to be free. In a similar vein, the Russian religious existentialist Nikolai Berdiaev, dubbed the philosopher of freedom, eschewed traditional accounts of freedom, which treat free will as an object that could somehow be perceived, investigated and proved or disproved from the outside, and pick out instead the Kantian position that freedom is a postulate of action it is something we must presuppose to even think of a world in w hich human life and human agency are possible.Wittgenstein would have been sympathetic to this outlook, for like the existentialists he is primarily concerned with concrete social and linguistic practices and seeks to provide a philosophical understanding of human existence that is not restricted to the explanatory framework of science (or even that of much traditional philosophy). For Wittgenstein, therefore, belief in free will, just as much as belief in God, is not threatened by scientific discoveries we couldnt say now If they discover so and so, then Ill say I am free.16 In line with this view, Wittgenstein spends some time in his lectures on freedom of the will in attempting to show that even if a deterministic account of the world were demanded by our best scientific theories, belief in free will need not be affected at all. 17 But he is not thereby putting forward a case for compatibilism All these arguments xx Introduction might look as if I wanted to argue for the freedom of the will or against it. But I dont want to.18 Wittgenstein does not follow the traditional course of attempting to resolve the free will problem by proving one position or refuting another. His aim, as with other traditional philosophical problems, is to expose the problem as some kind of deep muddle or confusion arising largely from misunderstandings of the workings of language. One repeated criticism of this view is that it appears to render the language games of science, religion, and ethics entirely self-contained and cut off from each other, if not also immune from criticism from without.This, indeed, is a common misconception of the Wittgensteinian account of religion, and in response Wittgensteinians such as D. Z. Phillips have emphasized the many important connections between religious and nonreligious forms of life which (it is held) must be recognized if religious belief is not to degenerate into superstition. Similarly, Wittgenstein points out that scientific discoveri es may have a bearing on ascriptions of free will A discovery might influence what you say on the freedom of the will. If only by directing your attention in a particular way.19 But despite these connections between the scientific and non-scientific domains, Wittgenstein insists that the distinctiveness of each language game must not be overlooked. In particular, the languages of ethics and religion must not be assimilated to the kind of fact-stating discourse and fact-finding activities that characterize the empirical sciences.